Makhalidwe a zinyama: tanthauzo ndi zitsanzo

Mlembi: Laura McKinney
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 9 Epulo 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 17 Novembala 2024
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Zamkati

Zinyama ndi gulu la nyama zophunziridwa kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake ndizomwe zimadziwika bwino kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti ndi gulu lomwe anthu amaphatikizidwamo, chifukwa patatha zaka mazana ambiri akuyesera kuti adziwane, mitundu yathu idasanthula zinyama zina.

M'nkhaniyi ya PeritoAnimalongosola, tifotokoza za tanthauzo la nyama, zomwe ndizochulukirapo kuposa zomwe timadziwa. Kuphatikiza apo, tidzafotokozera zanyama ndi zitsanzo zina zodziwika ndipo zina sizofala kwenikweni.

Kodi zinyama ndi chiyani?

Zinyama ndi gulu lalikulu la nyama zolimbitsa thupi ndi kutentha kwa thupi kosasintha, komwe kumatchulidwa m'kalasi la Mammalia. Nthawi zambiri, zinyama zimafotokozedwa ngati nyama zokhala ndi ubweya komanso zopangitsa mammary, zomwe zimabereka ana awo. Komabe, zinyama ndizamoyo zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimafotokoza bwino kuposa zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.


Nyama zonse zimachokera kholo limodzi wamba yomwe idawonekera kumapeto kwa Triassic, pafupifupi zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo. Makamaka, zinyama zimachokera szoyambira za ynapsid, ma amniotic tetrapods, ndiye kuti, nyama zamiyendo inayi zomwe mazira ake amatetezedwa ndi ma envulopu anayi. Atatha ma dinosaurs, pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo, zinyama zidasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku kholo limodzi kupita ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kusintha njira zonse, nthaka, madzi ndi mpweya.

Makhalidwe 11 a nyama

Monga tanena kale, nyamazi sizimatanthauzidwa ndi m'modzi kapena awiri, makamaka, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, komanso zovuta zazikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa munthu aliyense kukhala wosiyana.


Pa makhalidwe a nyama m'thupi ndi:

  1. nsagwada anapanga kokha ndi mafupa a mano.
  2. Kulongosola kwa mandible ndi chigaza kumapangidwa mwachindunji pakati pa mafupa a mano ndi squamosal.
  3. Mbali zitatu mafupa pakati khutu (hammer, stirrup and incus), kupatula monotremes, omwe ali ndi khutu losavuta kutchera.
  4. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka nyamayi ndi tsitsi lawo. Zonse mitundu ya zinyama pangani tsitsi, pang'ono kapena pang'ono. Mitundu ina, monga cetaceans, imangokhala ndi ubweya pobadwa, ndipo imatha iwowa akamakula. Nthawi zina, ubweya umasinthidwa, ndikupanga, mwachitsanzo, zipsepse za anamgumi kapena mamba a pangolin.
  5. Wothira pakhungu la nyama, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa thukuta ndi mafinya osakanikirana angapezeke. Ena mwa iwo amasandulika glands wonunkhira bwino kapena owopsa.
  6. pompano zopangitsa mammary, omwe amachokera kuzilonda zam'mimba komanso mkaka, womwe ndi chakudya chofunikira kwa nyama zazing'ono.
  7. Malinga ndi mitunduyi, atha kukhala nayo misomali, zikhadabo kapena ziboda, zonse zopangidwa ndi chinthu chotchedwa keratin.
  8. Nyama zina zimakhala nazo nyanga kapena nyanga. Nyanga zimakhala ndi mafupa ophimbidwa ndi khungu, ndipo nyangazi zimakhalanso ndi chitinous chitetezo, ndipo pali zina zopanda mafupa, zopangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa khungu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyanga za zipembere.
  9. O Zida zopangira mammalian ndi yotukuka kwambiri komanso yovuta kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina. Mbali yomwe imawasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa chikwama chakhunguzakumapeto.
  10. Zinyama zili ndi ubongo neocortex kapena, mwanjira ina, ubongo wopita patsogolo kwambiri, womwe umawatsogolera kukhala ndi maluso ambiri ovuta kuzindikira.
  11. nyama zonse pumampweya, ngakhale zitakhala nyama zam'madzi. Chifukwa chake, makina opumira a nyama zoyamwitsa ali ndi ziwiri mapapo omwe, kutengera mtundu, atha kapena sangakulungidwa. Amakhalanso ndi trachea, bronchi, bronchioles ndi alveoli, yokonzekera kusinthana kwa gasi. Amakhalanso ndi chiwalo chokhala ndi mawu okhala ndi zingwe zamawu zomwe zimapezeka m'mphako. Izi zimawathandiza kuti apange mawu osiyanasiyana.

Mitundu ya nyama zoyamwitsa

Kutanthauzira kwakale kwa nyama zoyamwitsa sikungaphatikizepo mitundu yoyamba yazinyama zomwe zidapezeka padziko lapansi. Gulu la Mammalia lagawidwa malamulo atatu, monotremes, marsupials ndi zotuluka.


  1. Zolemba: dongosolo la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa monotremes zimapangidwa ndi mitundu isanu yokha ya nyama, platypus ndi echidnas. Nyama izi zimadziwika ndi kukhala nyama za oviparous, ndiye kuti, zimaikira mazira. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhalabe ndi chikhalidwe cha makolo awo obadwira m'mbuyo, cloaca, pomwe zida zam'mimba, zamikodzo komanso zoberekera zimakumana.
  2. Marsupials: Nyama zaku Marsupial zimadziwika ndi, ngakhale zili nyama zolusa, zimakhala ndi khanda lalifupi kwambiri, zomwe zimamalizitsa kale kunja kwa chiberekero cha amayi koma mkati mwa thumba lachikopa lotchedwa marsupium, mkatikati mwa ma gland a mammary.
  3. Okhazikika: Pomaliza, pali nyama zoyamwitsa. Nyama izi, zomwe zimapangidwanso, zimamaliza kukula m'mimba mwa mayi, ndipo akazisiya, zimadalira amayi awo, omwe adzawateteze ndi kuwapatsa chakudya chomwe angafune m'miyezi kapena zaka zoyambirira za moyo wawo, mkaka wa m'mawere.

Zitsanzo za zinyama

Kuti mudziwe bwino nyamazi, tikupereka pansipa mndandanda wazitsanzo za nyama zoyamwitsa, ngakhale sizochulukirapo monga mitundu yoposa 5,200 ya zinyama zomwe zilipo pano padziko lapansi.

Zitsanzo za nyama zakutchire

Tiyamba ndi nyama zakutchire, ena mwa iwo ndi awa:

  • Mbidzi (mbidzi equus);
  • mphaka woweta (Felis sylvestris catus);
  • galu woweta (Canis lupus familiaris);
  • Njovu zaku Africa (African Loxodonta);
  • Nkhandwe (kennels lupus);
  • Mbawala wamba (cervus elaphus);
  • Lynx waku Eurasi (lynx lynx);
  • Kalulu waku Europe (Oryctolagus cuniculus);
  • Hatchi (equus ferus caballus)​​;
  • Chimpanzi (poto troglodytes);
  • Bonobo (PA)pan paniscus);
  • Phumudzo Orangutan (Pong Pygmaeus);
  • Chimbalangondo chofiirira (Ursus arctos);
  • Panda chimbalangondo kapena chimphona panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca);
  • Nkhandwe yofiira (Vulpes Vulpes);
  • Nkhumba ya Sumatran (panthera tigris sumatrae);
  • Nkhumba ya Bengal (panthera tigris tigris);
  • Mphalapala (rangifer tarandus);
  • Nyani Howler (Alouatta palliata);
  • chilombo (matope okongola);
  • Wosuta weasel (mephitis mephitis);
  • Mbalame (uchi wokondedwa).

Zitsanzo za nyama zam'madzi

Palinso Nyama zam'madzi, ena mwa iwo ndi awa:

  • Whale Wofiirira (Eschrichtius robustus);
  • Pygmy Whale Wanyama (Caperea marginata);
  • Ganges dolphin (wotsutsa);
  • Whale Wakale (Balaenoptera physalus);
  • Whale Blue (Balaenoptera musculus);
  • Chidole cha Bolivia (Inia boliviensis);
  • Mbalame (vexillifer lipos);
  • Araguaia dolphin (Inia araguaiaensis);
  • Whale wa Greenland (Zinsinsi za Balaena);
  • Masewera a Twilight (Lagenorhynchus obscurus);
  • Mbalame (phocoena phocoena);
  • Dolphin ya pinki (Inia geoffrensis);
  • Kupita Mtsinje Dolphin (wotsutsa zazing'ono);
  • Nsomba Yam'madzi yaku Pacific (Eubalaena japonica);
  • Whale WakaleMegaptera novaeangliae);
  • Atlantic dolphin yoyera (Lagenorhynchus acutus);
  • Vaquita (Phocoena sinus);
  • Chisindikizo Chofanana (Vitulina Phoca);
  • Mkango Wam'madzi waku Australia (Neophoca cinerea);
  • Chisindikizo cha ubweya waku South America (Arctophoca australis australis);
  • Nyanja Nyanja (Callorhinus zimbalangondo);
  • Chisindikizo cha Monk Mediterraneanmonachus monachus);
  • Chisindikizo cha nkhanu (Matenda a Wolfdon);
  • Chisindikizo cha Leopard (Hydrurga leptonyx);
  • Chisindikizo cha ndevu (Erignathus barbatus);
  • Chisindikizo Cha Zeze (Pagophilus groenlandicus).

Chithunzi: Dolphin ya Pinki / Kubereka: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lubasi/7450423740

Zitsanzo za monotremes nyama

kutsatira ndi zitsanzo zoyamwitsa, nayi mitundu ina ya nyama zoyamwitsa monotremes:

  • ZamgululiMatenda a Ornithorhynchus);
  • Echidna wofupikitsa (tachyglossus aculeatus);
  • Echidne wa ku Attenborough (Zaglossus attenboroughi);
  • Echidne wa Barton (Zaglossus bartoni);
  • Echidna wautali (Zaglossus bruijni).

Zitsanzo za nyama zakutchire zam'madzi

Palinso nyama zakutchire, mwa iwo, otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:

  • Vombat wamba (Ursinus Vombatus);
  • Nzimbe (petaurus breviceps);
  • Kangaroo Wakuda Kummawa (Macropus giganteus);
  • Kangaroo Wakuda Kumadzulo (Macropus fuliginosus);
  • Koala (Phascolarctos Cinereus);
  • Kangaroo wofiira (Macropus rufus);
  • Mdyerekezi kapena satana waku Tasmania (Sarcophilus harrisii).

Zitsanzo za nyama zouluka

Kutsiriza nkhaniyi za zanyama, tinene za mitundu ina ya nyama zouluka zomwe muyenera kudziwa:

  • Mleme waubweya (Myotis emarginatus);
  • Mleme waukulu wa arboreal (Nyctalus noctula);
  • Kumwera Bat (Eptesicus isabellinus);
  • Chipululu Chofiira (Lasiurus blossevillii);
  • Mphaka Wouluka waku Philippines (Acerodon jubatus);
  • nyundo bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus);
  • Mleme wamba kapena womera (alirezatalischi);
  • Mleme wa Vampire (Desmodus rotundus);
  • Mleme wa Vampire wamiyendo yaubweya (Diphylla ecaudata);
  • Vampire Bat wamapiko oyera (alireza).

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Makhalidwe a zinyama: tanthauzo ndi zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.