Ufumu wa zinyama: magulu, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo

Mlembi: John Stephens
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 22 Jayuwale 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 17 Disembala 2024
Anonim
Ufumu wa zinyama: magulu, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo - Ziweto
Ufumu wa zinyama: magulu, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo - Ziweto

Zamkati

O nyama kapena metazoa, wodziwika kuti nyama, umaphatikizapo zamoyo zosiyana kwambiri. Pali mitundu ya nyama yomwe imayeza kupitirira millimeter, monga ma rotifers ambiri; koma palinso nyama zomwe zimatha kufika mamita 30, ndi namgumi wabuluu. Ena amangokhala m'malo okhala, pomwe ena amatha kupulumuka ngakhale pamavuto ovuta kwambiri. Izi ndizochitika panyanja ndi ma tardigrades, motsatana.

Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zitha kukhala zazing'ono ngati siponji kapena zovuta monga anthu. Komabe, mitundu yonse ya nyama imasinthidwa kukhala kwawo ndipo, chifukwa cha iye, apulumuka mpaka pano. Kodi mukufuna kukumana nawo? Musati muphonye nkhani iyi ya PeritoAnimal za ufumu wa nyama: gulu, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo.


Gulu la nyama

Gulu la nyama ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo limaphatikizapo mitundu yazinyama zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe sizimawoneka ndi maso, komanso kuti sizidziwika. Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwamagulu awa azinyama, tiyeni tingolankhula za phyla kapena mitundu yambiri ya nyama. Ndi awa:

  • ziphuphu (Phylum Porifera).
  • Achikunja (Phylum Cnidaria).
  • Chimon Wachirawit (Phylum Platyhelminthes).
  • ZowonjezeraPhylum Mollusca).
  • ndalama (Phylum Anellida).
  • Nematode (Phylum Nematode).
  • Zojambulajambula (Phylum Arthropod).
  • Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata).
  • Zingwe (Phylum Chordata).

Pambuyo pake, tisiyanso mndandanda wazinthu zosadziwika kwambiri mu Animalia Kingdom.

Kutumiza (Phylum Porifera)

Poriferous phylum imaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 9,000 yodziwika. Ambiri ndi am'madzi, ngakhale pali mitundu 50 yamadzi oyera. Timanena za masiponji, nyama zina zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi gawo lapansi ndikudya mwa kusefa madzi owazungulira. Mphutsi zawo, komabe, ndizoyenda komanso pelagic, motero zimakhala gawo la plankton.


Zitsanzo za Porifers

Nazi zitsanzo zosangalatsa za porifers:

  • chinkhupule galasi(Euplectellaalireza): Amakhala ndi ma crustaceans angapo amtunduwu Spongola amene amadziphatika kwa izo.
  • Chinkhupule cha Hermit (Suberites domuncula): imamera pa zipolopolo zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nkhanu ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe awo kuti atenge michere.

Anthu a ku Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)

Gulu la cnidarian ndi imodzi mwazosangalatsa kwambiri za nyama. Muli mitundu yoposa 9,000 yamadzi, makamaka yam'madzi. Amadziwika ndi, pakukula kwawo, atha kupereka mitundu iwiri ya moyo: tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi nsomba zam'madzi.


Ma polyp ndi a benthic ndipo amakhalabe olumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi kunyanja. Nthawi zambiri amapanga zigawo zomwe zimadziwika kuti miyala yamtengo wapatali. Nthawi yakubereka ikakwana, mitundu yambiri yamitundu imasandulika kukhala nyama zoyera zomwe zimayandama pamadzi. Amadziwika kuti jellyfish.

Zitsanzo za cnidarians

  • Gulu la Chipwitikizi (Physalia physalis): si nsomba zam'madzi, koma njuchi zoyandama zopangidwa ndi tinsomba tating'onoting'ono.
  • anemone wokongola(Heteractis wokongola): ndi polyp yokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala nsomba zina zoseketsa.

Platyhelminths (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

Flworm phylum ili ndi mitundu yoposa 20,000 yomwe imadziwika kuti mphutsi zosalala. Ndi limodzi mwamagulu omwe amaopedwa kwambiri mu Animalia Kingdom chifukwa chokhala ndi ziwombankhanga pafupipafupi. Komabe, nyongolotsi zambiri zimadya nyama mwaufulu. Ambiri ndi a hermaphrodite ndipo kukula kwawo kumasiyana pakati pa millimeter ndi mita zambiri.

Zitsanzo za nyongolotsi

Nazi zitsanzo za ziphuphu:

  • Tapeen (Taenia solium): Nyongolotsi yayikulu yomwe imawononga nkhumba ndi anthu.
  • Mapulani(Pseudoceros spp.): nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nyanja. Ndi nyama zolusa ndipo zimaonekera chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo kwakukulu.

Muthanso kukhala ndi chidwi chodziwa makolo abwino kwambiri munyama.

Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)

Phyllum Mollusca ndi imodzi mwazinyama zambiri ndipo ili ndi mitundu yoposa 75,000 yodziwika. Izi zikuphatikiza zamoyo zam'madzi, zamadzi abwino komanso zapadziko lapansi. Amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi thupi lofewa komanso kutha kupanga zawo zipolopolo kapena mafupa.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya ma molluscs ndi ma gastropod (nkhono ndi ma slugs), ma cephalopods (squid, octopus ndi nautilus) ndi ma bivalves (mussels ndi oysters),

Zitsanzo za nkhono

Nazi zitsanzo zosangalatsa za molluscs:

  • Zingwe zam'madzi (zosokoneza spp.): ma gastropods am'madzi okongola kwambiri.
  • Nautilus (Nautilus spp.): ndi ziphuphu za cephalopods zomwe zimawoneka ngati zamoyo zakale.
  • Mussels zazikulu (tridacne spp.): Ndiwo ma bivalve akulu kwambiri omwe alipo ndipo amatha kutalika kwa mita ziwiri.

Annelids (Phylum Annelida)

Gulu la annelids limapangidwa ndi mitundu yoposa 13,000 yodziwika ndipo, monga gulu lakale, limaphatikizapo mitundu yochokera kunyanja, madzi abwino ndi nthaka. Pakati pa gulu la nyama, izi ndi izi nyama zogawanika ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Pali magulu atatu kapena mitundu ya annelids: ma polychaetes (nyongolotsi zam'madzi), oligochaetes (ntchentche zapansi) ndi ma hirudinomorphs (leeches ndi tiziromboti tina).

Zitsanzo za malipiro

Nazi zitsanzo zosangalatsa za annelids:

  • Mphutsi zophulika (banja Sabellidae): ndizachilendo kuwasokoneza ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, koma ndi amodzi mwamakalata okongola kwambiri omwe alipo.
  • Chimphona cha Amazon Leech (Haementeria ghilianii): ndi imodzi mwazinyalala zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Chithunzi chachiwiri chotengedwa kuchokera ku YouTube.

Ma Nematode (Phylum Nematoda)

Nthendayi ya nematode ndi, ngakhale ikuwoneka, imodzi mwazosiyanasiyana kwambiri pagulu lanyama. Mulinso mitundu yoposa 25,000 ya cylindrical nyongolotsi. Nyongolotsi izi zakhala zikuzungulira madera onse ndipo zimapezeka pamagawo onse azakudya. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amatha kukhala amphaka, olusa kapena majeremusi, omwe amadziwika bwino.

Zitsanzo za Nematode

Nazi zitsanzo za nematode:

  • Soy nematode (Heterodera glycines): tiziromboti ta mizu ya nyemba za soya, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto akulu m'zomera.
  • Mafilimu amtima (Dirofilaria immitis): ndi mphutsi zomwe zimawononga mtima ndi mapapo agalu (agalu, mimbulu, ndi zina zambiri).

Zilonda zam'mimba (Phylum Arthropoda)

Phylum Arthropoda ndi O gulu losiyanasiyana kwambiri ya nyama. Gulu la nyama izi limaphatikizapo ma arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods ndi hexapods, zomwe zimapezeka mitundu yonse ya tizilombo.

Nyama zonsezi zakhala nazo zowonjezera zowonjezera (miyendo, tinyanga, mapiko ndi zina) ndi chotumphuka chotchedwa cuticle. Pakati pa moyo wawo, amasintha cuticle kangapo ndipo ambiri amakhala ndi mphutsi ndi / kapena nymphs. Izi zikasiyana kwambiri ndi achikulire, amasintha njira.

Zitsanzo za Arthropods

Kuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa nyama zamtunduwu, tikukusiyirani zitsanzo zowoneka bwino za nyamakazi:

  • akangaude a m'nyanja (Pycnogonum spchifukwa.): ndi mitundu ya banja la Pycnogonidae, ndi akangaude okhawo omwe alipo.
  • Zindikirani (mapapikidwe a pollicipes): ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti ma barnacle ndi nkhanu, monga nkhanu.
  • European centipede (Scolopendra cingulata): ndiye centipede wamkulu ku Europe. Mbola yake ndi yamphamvu kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri imapha.
  • Mkango nyerere (myrmeleon formicarius): Ndi tizirombo tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala m'mimba mwawo pomwe mphutsi zake zimakhala m'manda pansi pachitsime choboola pakati. Pamenepo, amadikirira kuti mano awo agwere pakamwa pawo.

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

Phylum ya echinoderms imaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 7,000 yodziwika ndi kukhala kufanana kosiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti thupi lanu likhoza kugawidwa m'magulu asanu ofanana. Ndikosavuta kulingalira tikadziwa mtundu wa nyama zomwe zilipo: njoka, maluwa, nkhaka, nyenyezi ndi zikopa za m'nyanja.

Makhalidwe ena a echinoderms ndi mafupa awo a miyala yamiyala ndi makina awo amkati momwe madzi am'nyanja amayendera. Mphutsi imadziwikanso kwambiri, chifukwa imakhala ndi ma symmetry amitundu iwiri ndipo imatha pomwe moyo wawo umatha. Mutha kuwadziwa bwino m'nkhaniyi yokhudza kubalanso kwa starfish.

Zitsanzo za echinoderms

Awa ndi mamembala ena a nyama zomwe zili mgulu la echinoderms:

  • Lily M'nyanja ya Indo-Pacific (Lamprometra palmata): monga maluwa onse am'nyanja, amakhala mothandizidwa ndi gawo lapansi ndipo pakamwa pawo amakhala pamalo apamwamba, pafupi ndi anus.
  • Kusambira nkhaka (Pelagothurianatatrix): ndi m'modzi mwa osambira abwino pagulu la nkhaka zam'nyanja. Maonekedwe ake ndi ofanana ndi nsomba zam'madzi.
  • Korona waminga (Chigwa cha Acanthaster): Starfish yolusayi imadyetsa tizilombo ta cnidarian (coral).

Zingwe (Phylum Chordata)

Gulu loyambitsali limaphatikizapo zamoyo zodziwika bwino kwambiri munyama, chifukwa ndi phylum yomwe anthu ndi anzawo amakhala. Amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi mafupa amkati amene amayendetsa kutalika kwa nyama. Izi zikhoza kukhala chidziwitso chosinthika, muzitsulo zoyambirira kwambiri; kapena gawo la msana lazinyama zam'mimba.

Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zonsezi zili ndi chingwe chamitsempha yamitsempha (msana wamtsempha), mapangidwe amphako, ndi mchira wakumbuyo, nthawi ina pakukula kwa mazira.

Kugawidwa kwa nyama zomangirizidwa

Chordates imagawanika, nawonso, kukhala ma subphylums otsatirawa kapena mitundu ya nyama:

  • Urochord: ndi nyama zam'madzi. Ambiri aiwo amakhala ndi gawo lapansi ndipo ali ndi mphutsi zaufulu. Onse ali ndi chophimba choteteza chotchedwa mkanjo.
  • Cephalochordate: Ndiwo nyama zazing'ono kwambiri, zazitali komanso matupi owonekera omwe amakhala mozungulira pansi pa nyanja.
  • Zowonongeka: Amaphatikizapo zamoyo zodziwika bwino kwambiri m'gulu la nyama: nsomba ndi tetrapods (amphibians, zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama).

mitundu ina ya nyama

Kuphatikiza pa dzina la phyla, m'gulu la nyama pali ena ambiri magulu ochepa ndi odziwika. Pofuna kuti asalole kuti agwe panjira, tawasonkhanitsa m'chigawo chino, ndikuwonetsa mozama kwambiri zochuluka komanso zosangalatsa.

Izi ndi mitundu ya nyama zomwe simutchula mayina:

  • Zolemba (Phylum Loricifera).
  • Zigawenga (Phylum Kinorhyncha).
  • Ma Priapulids (Phylum Priapulida).
  • Zojambulajambula (Phylum nematomorph).
  • Zilonda zam'mimba (Phylum Gastrotricha).
  • Tardigrades (Phylum tardirada).
  • Onychophores (Phylum Onychophora).
  • Zolemba (Phylum Chaetognatha).
  • Acanthocephali (Phylum Acanthocephala).
  • Ozungulira (Phylum Rotifera).
  • MatendawaPhylum Micrognathozoa).
  • Gnatostomulid (Phylum Gnatostomulid).
  • Maofesi (Phylum Echiura).
  • Zizindikiro (Phylum Sipuncula).
  • Zovuta (Phylum Cycliophora).
  • Entoproctos (Phylum Entoprocta).
  • Nemertino (Phylum Nemertea).
  • Zolemba (Phylum Bryozoa).
  • ZolembaPhylum Phoronide).
  • Brachiopods (Phylum Brachiopoda).

Tsopano popeza mukudziwa zonse za nyama, mtundu wa nyama ndi phyla ya nyama, mutha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi kanemayu wonena za nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zidapezekapo:

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Ufumu wa zinyama: magulu, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.