Zamkati
- Kodi Syciosis ndi chiyani
- Symbiosis: tanthauzo kutanthauzira kwa Priberam
- Mitundu yamatsenga
- Mgwirizano
- Kukhazikika
- Parasitism
- zitsanzo za symbiosis
- Mgwirizano
- Commensalism:
- Parasitism:
- kudalirana kwaumunthu:
- kutha kwa magazi
Mwachilengedwe, zamoyo zonse, kaya nyama, zomera kapena mabakiteriya, pangani maubwenzi ndikukhazikitsa ubale kuyambira anthu am'banja limodzi mpaka anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Titha kuwona maubwenzi apakati pa nyamayo ndi nyama yake, makolo ndi mbadwa zake, kapena kulumikizana komwe kumangodutsa kumvetsetsa kwathu.
Kodi mwamvapo kalikonse za mawuwa? Munkhaniyi ya Animal Katswiri, tifotokoza zonse za symbiosis mu biology: tanthauzo ndi zitsanzo. Osaziphonya!
Kodi Syciosis ndi chiyani
Mawu oti symbiosis mu biology adapangidwa ndi De Bary mu 1879. Ndi mawu omwe amafotokoza kukhalapo kwa zamoyo ziwiri kapena zingapo zomwe sizogwirizana kwambiri ndi phylogeny (ubale pakati pa mitundu), ndiye kuti, siamtundu womwewo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwamakono mawuwa nthawi zambiri kumaganizira kuti tanthauzo la symbiosis ndilo ubale wapakati pazinthu ziwiri zomwe zamoyo zimapindula, ngakhale zitakhala zosiyana.
Mgwirizanowu uyenera kukhala okhazikika pakati pa anthuwa sangathe kupatukana. Zamoyo zomwe zimachita nawo zofananira zimatchedwa "symbionts" ndipo zimatha kupindula nazo, zimawonongeka kapena sizikhala ndi mwayi uliwonse kubungwe.
Muubwenzi uwu, zimachitika kuti zamoyo sizofanana kukula kwake komanso kutali ndi phylogeny. Mwachitsanzo, maubwenzi apakati pa nyama zapamwamba kwambiri ndi zazing'onozing'ono kapena pakati pa zomera ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, momwe tizilombo timakhala mkati mwa munthu.
Symbiosis: tanthauzo kutanthauzira kwa Priberam
Kuti tiwonetse mwachidule tanthauzo la kudandaula, timaperekanso tanthauzo la Priberam [1]:
1. f. (Biology) Mgwirizano wobwereza wazinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo zosiyana zomwe zimawalola kukhala ndi phindu.
Mitundu yamatsenga
Tisanapereke zitsanzo, ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe Kodi mitundu yamatsenga ndi iti zilipo:
Mgwirizano
Mothandizana, onsewo pindulani ndi ubalewo. Komabe, kukula komwe phindu lililonse lingasinthe ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta kuyeza. Phindu lomwe symbiote amalandira kuchokera ku mgwirizano liyenera kulingaliridwa kutengera momwe amamulipirira. Mwina palibe chitsanzo chothandizana momwe onse awiri amapindulira chimodzimodzi.
Kukhazikika
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mawuwa adafotokozedwa zaka zitatu lisanachitike. Timatcha commensalism maubwenzi omwe mbali imodzi imalandira maubwino osavulaza kapena kupindulitsa enawo. Timagwiritsa ntchito liwu loti commensalism mwamphamvu kwambiri, phindu lomwe limangokhala chimodzi mwazizindikiro ndipo limatha kukhala la thanzi kapena loteteza.
Parasitism
Parasitism ndi ubale wofanizira womwe chimodzi mwazisankho chimapindula ndikuvulaza inayo. Chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli ndi chakudya, ngakhale zinthu zina zimatha kuchitika: tizilomboto timapeza chakudya kuchokera mthupi lomwe limafafaniza. Matenda amtunduwu amakhudza wolandirayo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kotero kuti amatulutsa matenda atangolowa kumene. M'magulu ena, ma symbiont adasinthika kotero kuti imfa ya wolandirayo (thupi lomwe lili ndi ziweto) lisakhumudwitse, ndipo ubale wothandizirana nawo umakhala wanthawi yayitali.
Kumanani ndi nyama 20 zosowa m'nkhaniyi ya PeritoAnimal.
zitsanzo za symbiosis
awa ndi ena zitsanzo za symbiosis:
Mgwirizano
- Kufananirana pakati pa algae ndi miyala yamchere: Ma corals ndi nyama zomwe zimakula bwino muzakudya zopanda michere chifukwa chothandizirana ndi algae. Izi zimapereka chakudya ndi mpweya, pomwe miyala yamchere imapatsa algae zinthu zotsalira monga nayitrogeni ndi nayitrogeni dioxide.
- Clownfish ndi anemone wanyanja: Mwawonapo chitsanzo ichi kangapo. Anemone ya m'nyanja (banja la jellyfish) ili ndi chinthu chowopsa chowumitsa nyama yake. Clownfish amapindula ndi ubalewu chifukwa amalandira chitetezo ndi chakudya, chifukwa tsiku lililonse amachotsa anemone tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ndi dothi, ndiwo phindu lomwe amapeza.
Commensalism:
- Ubale pakati pa nsomba zasiliva ndi nyerere: tizilombo timakhala ndi nyerere, zimawadikira kuti abweretse chakudya kuti adye. Ubalewu, mosiyana ndi zomwe tingaganize, sizimapweteketsa kapena kupindulitsa nyerere, popeza nsomba zasiliva zimangodya chakudya chochepa chabe.
- Nyumba yamtengo: Chimodzi mwazitsanzo zomveka bwino zakusamvana ndichoti nyama imabisala munthambi kapena mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo. Zamasamba, zambiri, sizimavulazidwa kapena kupindula muubwenziwu.
Parasitism:
- Nthata ndi galu (chitsanzo cha parasitism): ichi ndi chitsanzo chomwe titha kuwona mosavuta m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. Nthata zimagwiritsa ntchito galu ngati malo okhala ndi kuswana, kuwonjezera pakudya magazi ake. Galu samapindula ndi ubalewu, m'malo mwake, utitiri umatha kupatsira agalu matenda.
- The cuckoo (chitsanzo cha parasitism): cuckoo ndi mbalame yomwe imawononga zisa za mitundu ina. Akafika pachisa chokhala ndi mazira, amawachotsa, ndikuyika ake ndikuchoka. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi mazira osamukira kwawo zikafika, sizizindikira ndikupanga mazira a koko.
kudalirana kwaumunthu:
- Mbalame yotsogolera uchi ndi Masai: ku Africa, kuli mbalame yomwe imatsogolera Amasai kuming'oma yobisika m'mitengo. Anthu amathamangitsa njuchi zija ndikutenga uchi, kusiya mbalameyo mfulu kuti itenge uchiwo popanda kuwaopseza.
- Ubale ndi mabakiteriya: zonse mkati mwa matumbo a munthu komanso pakhungu, pali mabakiteriya opindulitsa omwe amatiteteza ndi kutithandiza kukhala athanzi, popanda iwo kukhalapo kwathu sikungakhale kotheka.
kutha kwa magazi
THE lingaliro la endosymbiosis, Mwachidule, akufotokoza kuti kunali mgwirizano wama cell awiri a prokaryotic (mabakiteriya, mwachitsanzo) omwe adayambitsa ma chloroplast (organelle yemwe amachititsa photosynthesis m'maselo azomera) ndi mitchondria (ma organelles omwe amachititsa kupuma kwama cell am'maselo azinyama ndi nyama).
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana amakhala malangizo asayansi ndipo akuti kukhathamira sikumakhala ubale wokhazikika, koma ukhoza kuwonekera m'njira zambiri, monga commensalism kapena parasitism. Mgwirizano wokhazikika momwe chopereka cha chamoyo chilichonse chokhudzidwa chimatsimikizira tsogolo lawo.
