Tetrapods - Tanthauzo, kusinthika, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo

Zamkati

• ma tetrapods ndi chiyani
• Chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa ma tetrapods
• Makhalidwe a tetrapods
• zitsanzo za ma tetrapods
• Matenda a Amphibian
• ma tetrapods opopera
• Ma tetrapods a Synapsid
  

Pokambirana za ma tetrapods, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa magulu ozungulira kusinthika kopambana kwambiri Padziko Lapansi. Alipo m'malo osiyanasiyana monga, chifukwa chakuti mamembala awo asintha mosiyanasiyana, asintha moyo wawo zam'madzi, zam'mlengalenga komanso ngakhale mlengalenga. Chofunikira kwambiri chimapezeka pachiyambi cha mamembala ake, koma kodi mukudziwa tanthauzo la mawu oti tetrapod? Ndipo mukudziwa komwe gulu lanyama zamtunduwu limachokera?

Tikukuwuzani za chiyambi komanso kusinthika kwa nyamazi, mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino kwambiri komanso ofunika, ndipo tikuwonetsani zitsanzo za iliyonse ya izo. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zonsezi ya tetrapods, pitirizani kuwerenga nkhaniyi yomwe tikukuwonetsani pano pa PeritoAnimal.

ma tetrapods ndi chiyani

Chodziwikiratu pagulu lanyama ili ndikupezeka kwa mamembala anayi (chifukwa chake dzinalo, tetra = zinayi ndi podos = mapazi). Ndi monophyletic gulu, ndiye kuti, oimira onse amakhala ndi kholo limodzi, komanso kukhalapo kwa mamembala awo, omwe amapanga "zachilendo zachilendo"(mwachitsanzo, mawu ofanana) omwe amapezeka mwa onse mgululi.

Izi zikuphatikizidwa ndi amphibians ndi amniotes (zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama) zomwe, zimadziwika kuti zimakhala ndi miyendo ya pendactyl (wokhala ndi zala 5) zopangidwa ndimagawo angapo ofotokozera omwe amalola kuyenda kwa chiwalo ndi kusunthika kwa thupi, ndipo zidachokera kuzipsepse za nsomba zomwe zidalipo (Sarcopterygium). Kutengera mawonekedwe oyambira a miyendo, masinthidwe angapo owuluka, kusambira, kapena kuthamanga adachitika.

Chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa ma tetrapods

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Dziko lapansi inali njira yayitali kwambiri komanso yofunikira pakusintha zinthu komwe kumakhudza kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ndi thupi m'zinthu zonse zachilengedwe, zomwe zidasinthika potengera Zachilengedwe za Devoni (pafupifupi zaka 408-360 miliyoni zapitazo), nthawi yomwe @Alirezatalischioriginal, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yam'mlengalenga.

Kusintha kwa madzi kupita kumtunda ndi chitsanzo cha "kusintha kwa ma radiation".Pochita izi, nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena (monga miyendo yoyenda kapena kutha kupuma mpweya) zimakhazikika m'malo atsopano kuti apulumuke (ndi chakudya chatsopano, ngozi zochepa kuchokera kwa adani, kupikisana pang'ono ndi mitundu ina, ndi zina zambiri. .). Zosinthazi zikugwirizana ndi kusiyana pakati pa malo am'madzi ndi apadziko lapansi:

Ndi fayilo ya kudutsa pamadzi kupita kumtunda, ma tetrapods amayenera kukumana ndi mavuto monga kulimbitsa matupi awo pamtunda, omwe ndi owopsa kuposa mpweya, komanso mphamvu yokoka mdziko lapansi. Pachifukwa ichi, mafupa anu amapangidwa mu zosiyana ndi nsomba, monga ma tetrapods ndizotheka kuwona kuti ma vertebrae amalumikizidwa kudzera pama vertebral extensions (zygapophysis) omwe amalola kuti msana usinthe ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ngati mlatho woyimitsa wothandizira kulemera kwa ziwalozo pansi pake.

Mbali inayi, pali chizolowezi chosiyanitsa msana m'magawo anayi kapena asanu, kuyambira chigaza mpaka mchira:

• dera lachiberekero: zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mutu uziyenda bwino.
• Thunthu kapena dorsal dera: ndi nthiti.
• dera la sacral: ndi yokhudzana ndi mafupa a chiuno ndipo amasamutsa mphamvu ya miyendo kuti ikokere m'mafupa.
• Dera la Caudal kapena mchira: ndi ma vertebrae osavuta kuposa a thunthu.

Makhalidwe a tetrapods

Makhalidwe akulu a tetrapods ndi awa:

• nthiti: Ali ndi nthiti zomwe zimathandiza kuteteza ziwalozo, ndipo mumayendedwe akale, amatambasula gawo lonse la m'mimba. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zamoyo za masiku ano zotchedwa amphibians zataya nthiti zawo, ndipo zinyama zimangokhala kutsogolo kwa thunthu lake.
• Mapapo: mapapu (omwe analipo matetrapod asanachitike komanso omwe timayanjana nawo ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi) adasandulika kukhala anthu am'madzi, monga amphibiya, momwe mapapo ake amangokhala matumba. Komabe, mu zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama, amagawikana m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
• Maselo okhala ndi keratin: Komano, chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pagululi ndi momwe amapewa kusowa kwa madzi m'thupi lawo, okhala ndi sikelo, tsitsi ndi nthenga zopangidwa ndi maselo akufa ndi keratinized, ndiye kuti, opatsidwa ndi protein yolimba, keratin.
• kubereka: Vuto lina lomwe ma tetrapods adakumana nalo atafika kumtunda linali loti kubereka kwawo kuyenera kudalira chilengedwe, chomwe chimatheka kudzera mu dzira la amniotic, pankhani ya zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama. Dzira ili ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a embryonic: amnion, chorion, allantois ndi yolk sac.
• mphutsi: amphibians, nawonso, amawonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoberekera yokhala ndi mphutsi (mwachitsanzo, achule tadpoles) ndimitsempha yakunja, ndipo gawo lina laubereki wawo limayamba m'madzi, mosiyana ndi amphibiya ena, monga ma salamanders ena.
• zopangitsa mate ndi ena: mwazinthu zina za tetrapod, titha kutchula kukula kwa ma gland amatepi, mafuta, michere ya m'mimba, kupezeka kwa lilime lalikulu, lolimba lomwe limagwira chakudya, monga zinyama zina, chitetezo ndi mafuta maso kupyola zikope ndi matumbo ofiira, ndikumveka kwa mawu ndikutumiza kwake khutu lamkati.

zitsanzo za ma tetrapods

Popeza ndi gulu lokhalitsa, tiyeni titchule zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi komanso zochititsa chidwi za mzere uliwonse womwe tingapeze lero:

Matenda a Amphibian

Phatikizani achule (achule ndi achule), mayendedwe (salamanders ndi newts) ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena caecilians. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi:

• Chule wagolide wowopsa (Phyllobates terribilis): chodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha utoto wake wowoneka bwino.
• moto salamander (salamander salamander): Ndi kapangidwe kake kabwino.
• Cecilias (amphibians omwe adataya miyendo, ndiye kuti, ndi apods): mawonekedwe awo amafanana ndi nyongolotsi, okhala ndi nthumwi zazikulu, monga cecilia-thompson (Caecilia Thompson), yomwe imatha kufikira 1.5 mita m'litali.

Kuti mumvetse bwino ma tetrapods awa, mutha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi nkhani ina yokhudza kupuma amphibiya.

ma tetrapods opopera

Mulinso zokwawa zamakono, akamba ndi mbalame. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi:

• Kwaya ya ku Brazil (Micrurus brasiliensis): ndi poizoni wake wamphamvu.
• Iphani Kupha (Chelus fimbriatus): chidwi chakuyerekeza kwake kokongola.
• mbalame za paradiso: osowa komanso osangalatsa ngati mbalame ya Wilson ya paradaiso, yomwe imakhala ndi mitundu yosakanikirana.

Ma tetrapods a Synapsid

Zinyama zamakono monga:

• Zamgululi (Matenda a Ornithorhynchus): woimira chidwi chamkati mwamadzi.
• mleme wa nkhandwe zouluka (Acerodon jubatus): imodzi mwazinyama zouluka zochititsa chidwi kwambiri.
• nyenyezi yamphongo (Crystal condylure): wokhala ndi zizolowezi zapadera zapansi panthaka.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Tetrapods - Tanthauzo, kusinthika, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.