Zamkati
- Kodi bipedal nyama - Mawonekedwe
- Kusiyanitsa pakati pa nyama za bipedal ndi ma quadrupedal
- Chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa ziphuphu
- ma dinosaurs otumphuka
- Kusintha kwa bipedism
- Zitsanzo za nyama zopindika komanso mawonekedwe awo
- Munthu (alireza)
- Kulumpha Kalulu (chojambula cha capensis)
- Kangaroo wofiira (Macropus rufus)
- Eudibamus chithunzithunzi
- Basilisk (Basiliscus Basiliscus)
- Nthiwatiwa (Ngamila ya Struthio)
- Penguin wa Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus)
- Mphemvu yaku America (American Periplanet)
- nyama zina zoluma
Tikamakambirana bipedalism kapena bipedalism, nthawi yomweyo timaganizira za munthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri timaiwala kuti pali nyama zina zomwe zimayenda motere. Kumbali imodzi, pali anyani, nyama zomwe zimayandikira pafupi ndi mitundu yathu, koma chowonadi ndichakuti pali nyama zina za bipedal zomwe sizogwirizana, kapena anthu. Kodi mukufuna kudziwa zomwe ali?
Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tikukuuzani nyama zakubiri ndi chiani, adachokera kuti, anali ndi mawonekedwe otani, zitsanzo zina ndi zina zodabwitsa.
Kodi bipedal nyama - Mawonekedwe
Nyama zitha kugawidwa m'njira zingapo, imodzi mwanjira zake zimakhazikika pakubwera kwawo. Pankhani ya nyama zakutchire, zimatha kuchoka pamalo ena kupita kwina pouluka, kukwawa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo. Zinyama zolumidwa ndizo zomwe gwiritsani miyendo iwiri yokha kuyenda. M'mbiri yonse ya chisinthiko, mitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza nyama, mbalame ndi zokwawa, yasintha kutengera mtundu wamtunduwu, kuphatikiza ma dinosaurs ndi anthu.
Bipedalism itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda, kuthamanga kapena kulumpha.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinyama zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi ma bipedal amatha kukhala ndi mwayi woterewu, kapena atha kuzigwiritsa ntchito munthawi inayake.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa nyama za bipedal ndi ma quadrupedal
anayi ndi nyama zomwe yendetsani kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo inayi sitima zapamtunda, pomwe ma bipip amayenda pogwiritsa ntchito mikono iwiri yokha yakumbuyo. Pankhani ya zinyama zapadziko lapansi, onse ndi ma tetrapods, ndiye kuti kholo lawo limakhala ndi miyendo inayi yoyenda. Komabe, m'magulu ena a tetrapods, monga mbalame, mamembala awo awiri adasinthidwa ndikusintha kwa bipedal locomotion.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa ma biped ndi ma quadrupeds kumadalira kutambasula ndi minofu ya miyendo yawo. Mu ma quadrupeds, kuchuluka kwa minofu yosinthasintha mwendo kumakhala pafupifupi kawiri kuposa kwaminyezi yotulutsa. M'mipopu, izi zimasinthidwa, ndikuthandizira kuwongoka.
Bipedal locomotion ili ndi maubwino angapo mokhudzana ndi kutuluka kwamayendedwe anayi. Kumbali imodzi, imakulitsa gawo lowonera, lomwe limalola nyama zam'mbali kuti zizindikire zoopsa kapena nyama zomwe zingathere pasadakhale. Kumbali inayi, imalola kutulutsidwa kwa miyendo yakutsogolo, kuwasiya kuti azitha kuyendetsa mosiyanasiyana. Pomaliza, mtundu wamtunduwu umakhala pamalo owongoka, omwe amalola kuti mapapu ndi nthiti zikule kwambiri mukamathamanga kapena kulumpha, ndikupangitsa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mpweya wabwino.
Chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa ziphuphu
Miyendo ya locomotor idasandulika kukhala magulu akulu awiri azinyama: arthropods ndi tetrapods. Pakati pa tetrapods, chikhalidwe cha quadruped ndi chofala kwambiri. Komabe, bipedal locomotion, nawonso, adawonekeranso kangapo pakusintha kwa nyama, m'magulu osiyanasiyana, osati m'njira yofananira. Mtundu woterewu umapezeka m'manyani, ma dinosaurs, mbalame, kulumpha nyama zam'madzi, nyama zodumpha, tizilombo ndi abuluzi.
Pali zifukwa zitatu amawerengedwa kuti ndi amene amachititsa kuti bipedism iwoneke ndipo, chifukwa chake, ndi nyama za bipedal:
- Kufunika kwachangu.
- Ubwino wokhala ndi mamembala awiri aulere.
- Kusintha kuthawa.
Kuthamanga kumakulirakulira, kukula kwa miyendo yakumbuyo kumayamba kukulira kuyerekeza ndi miyendo yakutsogolo, zomwe zimapangitsa masitepe opangidwa ndi akumbuyo kuti akhale aatali kuposa a kutsogolo. Mwanjira imeneyi, kuthamanga kwambiri, miyendo yakutsogolo imatha kukhala cholepheretsa kuthamanga.
ma dinosaurs otumphuka
Pankhani ya ma dinosaurs, amakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe chofala ndi bipedalism, ndikuti maulendo anayi a quadrupedal pambuyo pake adawonekeranso mumitundu ina. Ma tetrapods onse, gulu lomwe ma dinosaurs ndi mbalame zomwe zimadya, anali amisili. Mwanjira iyi, titha kunena kuti ma dinosaurs anali nyama zoyambirira ziwiri.
Kusintha kwa bipedism
Bipedism imawonekeranso mwanjira zina m'mabuluzi ena. Mwa mitundu iyi, kayendedwe kamene kamapangidwa ndi kukwera kwa mutu ndi thunthu ndizotsatira zakuthamangira patsogolo kophatikizana ndi kubwerera kwa malo olimbirana thupi, chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kukulira kwa mchira.
Komano, amakhulupirira kuti pakati pa anyani omwe anali bipedism adawonekera zaka 11.6 miliyoni zapitazo monga kusintha kwa moyo wamitengo. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi, khalidweli likadakhalapo mwa mitunduyo. Danuvius Guggenmosi kuti, mosiyana ndi anyani ndi ma giboni, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mikono yawo kwambiri popumira, anali ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yomwe imawongoka ndipo inali malo awo oyendetsa sitima.
Pomaliza, kulumpha ndi njira yachangu komanso yosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndipo yawonekera kangapo kamodzi pakati pa zinyama, zolumikizidwa ndi bipedalism. Kudumpha miyendo ikuluikulu yakumbuyo kumapereka mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosungira mphamvu zotanuka.
Pazifukwa zonsezi, ma bipedalism ndi mawonekedwe owongoka adatulukira ngati njira yosinthira mitundu ina kuwonetsetsa kuti ipulumuka.
Zitsanzo za nyama zopindika komanso mawonekedwe awo
Pambuyo powunikiranso tanthauzo la nyama zamkati mwa bipedal, powona kusiyanasiyana ndi nyama za ma quadrupedal ndi momwe mtundu wa locomotion udayambira, ndi nthawi yodziwa zina mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za nyama zamkati:
Munthu (alireza)
Pankhani ya anthu, amakhulupirira kuti bipedism idasankhidwa makamaka monga kusintha kwa manja omasuka kwathunthu kupeza chakudya. Ndi manja aulere, machitidwe opanga zida adayamba.
Thupi la munthu, loyimirira kwathunthu komanso lokhala ndi ma bipedal kwathunthu, lidasinthidwa mwadzidzidzi ndikukonzanso mpaka kufikira momwe liliri. Mapazi salinso ziwalo za thupi zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikukhala olimba. Izi zidachitika kuchokera pakuphatikizika kwa mafupa ena, kusintha kwamitundu yayikulu ndikukula kwa minofu ndi minyewa. Kuphatikiza apo, mafupa a chiuno adakulitsidwa ndipo mawondo ndi akakolo amalumikizana pansi pa mphamvu yokoka ya thupi. Kumbali inayi, mafupa a bondo amatha kusinthasintha ndikutsekera kwathunthu, kulola kuti miyendoyo ikhale yolimba kwa nthawi yayitali osayambitsa kupsinjika kwakukulu m'minyewa ya postural. Pomaliza, chifuwa chimafupikitsidwa kuyambira kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo ndikukulira mbali.
Kulumpha Kalulu (chojambula cha capensis)
ubweya uwu Makoswe a 40 cm ili ndi mchira ndi makutu atali, mawonekedwe omwe amatikumbutsa za hares, ngakhale sizogwirizana kwenikweni ndi iwo. Miyendo yake yakutsogolo ndi yaifupi kwambiri, koma kumbuyo kwake ndi kutalitali komanso kulimba, ndipo amayenda zidendene. Pakakhala zovuta, amatha kuwoloka pakati pa mita ziwiri kapena zitatu polumpha kamodzi.
Kangaroo wofiira (Macropus rufus)
Ndi fayilo ya marsupial wamkulu kwambiri yemwe alipo ndi chitsanzo china cha chinyama. Nyama izi sizingayendeyende, ndipo zimatha kuchita izi podumpha. Amachita kulumpha pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yonse yakumbuyo nthawi imodzi, ndipo amatha kufika liwiro lofika 50 km / h.
Eudibamus chithunzithunzi
Ndi fayilo ya choyamba chokwawa momwe bipedal locomotion idawonedwa. Tsopano idazimiririka, koma idakhala kumapeto kwa Paleozoic. Zinali pafupifupi masentimita 25 ndipo zimayenda pamiyendo ya miyendo yake yakumbuyo.
Basilisk (Basiliscus Basiliscus)
Abuluzi ena, monga basilisk, apanga luso logwiritsa ntchito bipedalism pakafunika thandizo (bipedalism). Mwa mitundu iyi, kusintha kwa ma morphological kumakhala kowonekera. thupi la nyama izi ikupitilizabe kukhala yopingasa komanso yopingasa ma quadrupedal. Pakati pa abuluzi, ma bipedal locomotion amachitika makamaka akamayenda kupita ku chinthu chaching'ono ndipo ndizopindulitsa kukhala ndi gawo lowoneka bwino, m'malo mozitsogolera ku chinthu chokulirapo kwambiri komanso chomwe sichiyenera kuyang'aniridwa.
O Basiliscus Basiliscus imatha kuthamanga pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yakumbuyo yokha ndikufikira kuthamanga kwambiri kwakuti imalola kuthamanga m'madzi osamira.
Nthiwatiwa (Ngamila ya Struthio)
mbalameyi ndi nyama yothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi, mpaka 70 km / h. Sikuti ndi mbalame yayikulu yokha yomwe ilipo, imakhalanso ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri kukula kwake ndipo imakhala ndi kutalika kwakutali poyenda: 5 mita. Kukula kwakukulu kwa miyendo yake molingana ndi thupi lake, komanso momwe mafupa ake, minofu ndi minyewa zimakhalira, ndizikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa nyamayi kuyenda mtunda wautali komanso kuyenda pafupipafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izithamanga kwambiri.
Penguin wa Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi ziwalo zosiyana pakati pa mapazi ake, ndipo malo ake othamanga ndi ochepa komanso osagwira ntchito. Komabe, thupi lake morphology ili ndi kapangidwe ka hydrodynamic, mpaka 45 km / h posambira.
Mphemvu yaku America (American Periplanet)
Mphemvu yaku America ndi kachilombo motero ili ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi (ndi ya gulu la Hexapoda). Mitunduyi imasinthidwa mwapadera kuti inyamuke pamtunda wothamanga kwambiri, ndipo yakhala ndi kuthekera kosuntha miyendo iwiri, kufika pa liwiro la 1.3m / s, lomwe limafanana ndi 40 kutalika kwa thupi pamphindikati.
Mitunduyi yapezeka kuti ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayendedwe kutengera kuthamanga kwake. Mofulumira, amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamaulendo atatu, pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yake itatu. Pothamanga kwambiri (kuposa 1 m / s), imathamanga ndi thupi litakwezedwa pansi, ndipo kutsogolo kumakwezedwa moyerekeza kumbuyo. Momwe mungakhalire, thupi lanu limayendetsedwa ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yayitali.
nyama zina zoluma
Monga tanena, alipo ambiri nyama zomwe zimayenda ndi miyendo iwiri, ndipo pansipa tikuwonetsa mndandanda wokhala ndi zitsanzo zambiri:
- nyama
- anyani
- nkhuku
- anyani
- Abakha
- kangaroo
- anyani
- abulu
- Ma Gibboni
Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Bipedal Animals - Zitsanzo ndi Makhalidwe, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.