Transgenic animals - Tanthauzo, zitsanzo ndi mawonekedwe

Zamkati

• transgenesis ndi chiyani
• Kodi transgenic nyama ndi ziti?
• Transgenesis mwa microinjection ya zygotes
• Transgenesis pogwiritsa ntchito maselo a m'mimba
• Transgenesis posintha maselo am'modzi ndikusamutsa kwanyukiliya kapena kupanga cloning
• Zitsanzo za nyama zosinthika
• Transgenic nyama: zabwino ndi zovuta
• Ubwino
• Zoyipa

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakapita patsogolo kwasayansi chinali kuthekera kwa choyerekeza nyama. Pali zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zamankhwala ndi ukadaulo, popeza matenda ambiri adathetsedwa chifukwa cha nyama izi. Koma kodi kwenikweni ndi chiyani? Kodi ubwino ndi zovuta zake ndi ziti?

Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tikufotokozera Kodi nyama zakutchire ndi ziti?, chomwe transgenesis chimapangidwa, ndikuwonetsa zitsanzo ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zina zodziwika bwino.

transgenesis ndi chiyani

Transgenesis ndiyo njira yomwe zambiri zamtundu (DNA kapena RNA) zimasamutsidwa kuchokera ku chamoyo china kupita ku china, kutembenuza chachiwiricho, ndi mbadwa zake zonse, kukhala zamoyo zosintha. Zamoyo zonse sizimasamutsidwa, mtundu umodzi wokha kapena zingapo zomwe zidasankhidwa kale, kutulutsidwa ndikupatula.

Kodi transgenic nyama ndi ziti?

Zinyama za Transgenic ndizomwe zakhala zikuchitika chibadwa kusinthidwa, komwe kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kuberekana pakati pa nyama, komwe kumatchedwanso kuti clonal kubalana.

Mwachidziwitso, zamoyo zonse, motero nyama zonse, zitha kupangidwira chibadwa. Zolemba za sayansi zimalemba za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyama monga nkhosa, mbuzi, nkhumba, ng'ombe, akalulu, makoswe, mbewa, nsomba, tizilombo, tiziromboti ngakhale anthu. Koma fayilo ya mbewa inali nyama yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo momwe njira zonse zoyesedwa zidapindulira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewa kwachulukirachulukira chifukwa ndikosavuta kuyambitsa zidziwitso zatsopano zamaselo m'maselo awo, majiniwa amapatsira ana mosavuta, ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wawufupi kwambiri komanso zinyalala zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi nyama yaying'ono, yosavuta kuisamalira komanso yopanikiza kwambiri, poganizira zaumoyo wake wamthupi komanso wamaganizidwe. Pomaliza, genome yanu ndi yofanana kwambiri kwa anthu.

Pali njira zingapo zopangira nyama zosinthika:

Transgenesis mwa microinjection ya zygotes

Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, kukweza magazi kumayamba chifukwa cha akazi, kudzera kuchipatala.Kenako, umuna, zomwe zingakhale mu vitro kapena mu vivo. Kenako mazira achonde amatengedwa ndikudzipatula. Apa gawo loyamba la maluso limatha.

Mchigawo chachiwiri, ma zygote (maselo omwe amachokera ku mgwirizano wa dzira ndi umuna mwachilengedwe kapena kudzera mu umuna mu vitro kapena mu vivo) alandire a microinjection ndi yankho lomwe lili ndi DNA yomwe tikufuna kuwonjezera pa genome.

Kenako, ma zygote omwe adapangidwa kale amabwereranso m'mimba mwa mayi, kotero kuti mimba imachitika mwachilengedwe. Pomaliza, ana agalu atakula ndikuleredwa kuyamwa, ndizo kutsimikiziridwa ngati anaphatikiza transgene (kunja kwa DNA) mu matupi awo.

Transgenesis pogwiritsa ntchito maselo a m'mimba

Mwa njirayi, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zygotes, transgene imayambitsidwa mu maselo amtsinde. Maselowa amachotsedwa mu blastula yomwe ikukula (gawo la kukula kwa mluza wokhala ndi gawo limodzi lamaselo) ndikuyika yankho lomwe limalepheretsa ma cell kusiyanitsa ndikukhala ngati maselo amtundu. Posachedwa, DNA yakunja imayambitsidwa, ma cell amapangidwanso mu blastula, ndipo amabwezeretsedwanso m'chiberekero cha amayi.

Zobereka zomwe mumapeza ndi njirayi ndi chimera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti maselo ena mthupi lanu amafotokoza za jini pomwe ena sangatero. Mwachitsanzo, "ovegoat", chimerism pakati pa nkhosa ndi mbuzi, ndi nyama yomwe ili ndi ziwalo za thupi ndi ubweya ndipo mbali zina ndi ubweya. Mwa kupitilira kuwoloka chimera, anthu amapezeka omwe adzakhala ndi transgene m'mizere yawo, ndiye kuti, m'mazira awo kapena umuna.

Transgenesis posintha maselo am'modzi ndikusamutsa kwanyukiliya kapena kupanga cloning

Cloning imakhala ndi kutulutsa maselo obisika wa blastula, muwalime mu vitro kenako ndikuwayika mu oocyte (kachilombo ka kachilombo ka mkazi) komwe khunguyo lachotsedwa. Chifukwa chake amaphatikiza m'njira yoti oocyte amasandulika dzira, wokhala ndi phata la chibadwa cha khungu loyambirira la embryonic, ndikupitiliza kukula kwake ngati zygote.

Zitsanzo za nyama zosinthika

Kwazaka 70 zapitazi, kafukufuku wambiri wachitika kuti apeze nyama zosinthidwa. Komabe, ngakhale anali ndi mbiri yotchuka ya nkhosa ya Dolly, iye sanali nyama yoyamba kupangidwa ndi a transgenics nyama. Onani zitsanzo za nyama zodziwika bwino pansipa:

• Achule: mu 1952 zidachitidwa kupanga koyamba m'mbiri. Unali maziko oyikitsira nkhosa Dolly.
• THE nkhosa za dolly: ndiyotchuka chifukwa chokhala nyama yoyamba kupangidwa mwanjira yosinthira ma nyukiliya kuchokera ku selo yayikulu, osati chifukwa chokhala nyama yoyamba kupangidwa, popeza sizinali choncho. Dolly adapangidwa mu 1996.
• Ng'ombe za Noto ndi Kaga: zidapangidwa ku Japan nthawi masauzande, ngati gawo la projekiti yomwe idafuna sinthani mtundu ndi nyama zomwe anthu amadya.
• Mbuzi ya Mira: mbuzi yopangidwa iyi mu 1998, anali wotsogolera ng'ombe wokhoza kupanga mankhwala othandiza kwa anthu m'thupi lanu.
• Ombretta mouflon: chinyama choyamba chopangidwa cha pulumutsani nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
• Catcat cat: mu 2001, kampani ya Genetic Savings & Clone idapanga mphaka woweta imatha malonda.
• Anyani a Zhong Zhong ndi Hua Hua: anyani oyamba kupanga ndimachitidwe omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhosa ya Dolly, mu 2017.

Transgenic nyama: zabwino ndi zovuta

Pakadali pano, transgenesis ndi a nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri, ndipo kutsutsanaku kumadza makamaka chifukwa chakusowa chidziwitso chokhudza transgenesis, ntchito zake, ndi malamulo ati omwe amayang'anira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nyama zoyesera.

M'mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, chitetezo chachilengedwe chimayendetsedwa ndi malamulo, ndondomeko kapena malangizo. Ku Brazil, malamulo okhudzana ndi zachilengedwe amatanthauza makamaka za ukadaulo wa DNA kapena RNA.

Law 8974, ya Januware 5, 1995, Lamulo 1752, la Disembala 20, 1995, ndi Providenceal Measure 2191-9, ya Ogasiti 23, 2001^[1], kukhazikitsa njira zachitetezo ndikuwunika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo pomanga, kulima, kusamalira, kuyendetsa, kutsatsa, kugwiritsira ntchito, kumasula ndikuchotsa chamoyo chosinthidwa (GMO), pofuna kuteteza moyo ndi thanzi la munthu, nyama ndi zomera, komanso chilengedwe.^[2]

Zina mwazabwino ndi zovuta zomwe timapeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyama zosinthika, timapeza izi:

Ubwino

• Kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku, malinga ndi chidziwitso cha matupi athu.
• Ubwino pakupanga ziweto ndi thanzi.
• Kupita patsogolo kwamaphunziro a matenda munyama ndi anthu, monga khansa.
• Kupanga mankhwala.
• Kupereka kwa thupi ndi minofu.
• Kapangidwe ka mabanki amtundu kuti zisawonongeke zamoyo.

Zoyipa

• Mwa kusintha mitundu yomwe ilipo kale, titha kuyika mitundu yachilengedwe pachiwopsezo.
• Kutulutsa kwa mapuloteni atsopano omwe kale sanalipo munyama inayake kumatha kubweretsa kuwoneka ngati chifuwa.
• Komwe mu genome jini yatsopano yomwe idzaikidwe itha kukhala yosadziwika nthawi zina, zotsatira zake zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa zitha kusokonekera.
• Zinyama zamoyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti muwunikenso zamakhalidwe abwino ndikuwona momwe zotsatira za kuyesezaku zingakhalire zatsopano komanso zogwirizana.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Transgenic animals - Tanthauzo, zitsanzo ndi mawonekedwe, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.