Makhalidwe a Amphibian

Zamkati

• Kodi amphibian ndi chiyani?
• Mitundu ya amphibians
• Makhalidwe a Amphibian
• Kusintha kwa amphibians
• khungu la amphibian
• Mafupa Amphibian ndi Zowopsa
• Pakamwa pa Amphibian
• Kudyetsa Amphibian
• Kupuma kwa Amphibian
• Kubereka kwa Amphibian
• Makhalidwe ena amphibiya

Amphibians amapanga gulu lachikale kwambiri lachilengedwe. Dzinalo limatanthauza "moyo wapawiri" (amphi = onse ndi bios = moyo) ndipo ndi nyama zopitilira muyeso, kutanthauza kuti amadalira magwero akunja otentha kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino mkati. Komanso, ali amniotes, monga nsomba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mazira anu sanazungulidwe ndi nembanemba: amnion.

Mbali inayi, kusinthika kwa amphibiya komanso kuyenda kwawo kuchokera kumadzi kupita kumtunda kunachitika zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Makolo anu anali ndi moyo pafupi Zaka 350 miliyoni zapitazo, kumapeto kwa a Devoni, ndipo matupi awo anali olimba, ndi miyendo yayitali, mosabisa komanso ndi zala zambiri. Awa anali Acanthostega ndi Icthyostega, omwe anali amtsogolo mwa ma tetrapod onse omwe tikudziwa lero. Amphibian amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kulibe kumadera a m'chipululu, kumadera a polar ndi Antarctic komanso kuzilumba zina za m'nyanja. Pitilizani kuwerenga nkhaniyi PeritoAnimal ndipo mumvetsetsa zonse za makhalidwe amphibian, zapadera ndi kakhalidwe kawo.

Kodi amphibian ndi chiyani?

Amphibians ndi tetrapod vertebrate nyama, ndiye kuti, ali ndi mafupa ndi miyendo inayi. Ndi gulu lanyama lodziwika bwino, chifukwa limakumana ndi kusintha komwe kumawalola kuti adutse kuchokera pagawo lamphutsi kufikira gawo la achikulire, zomwe zimatanthauzanso kuti, m'miyoyo yawo yonse, ali ndi njira zopumira zosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu ya amphibians

Pali mitundu itatu ya amphibians, omwe amagawidwa motere:

• Amphibians a dongosolo la Gymnophiona: mgululi muli ma caecilians okha, omwe thupi lawo limafanana ndi nyongolotsi, koma ndi miyendo inayi yayifupi kwambiri.
• Amphibians a Caudata: onse ndi amphibiya omwe ali ndi michira, monga salamanders ndi newt.
• Amphibians a dongosolo la Anura: alibe mchira ndipo amadziwika bwino. Zitsanzo zina ndi achule ndi achule.

Makhalidwe a Amphibian

Zina mwazikhalidwe za amphibian, zotsatirazi ndizowonekera:

Kusintha kwa amphibians

Amphibian ali ndi zina zapadera m'moyo wawo. Mosiyana ndi ma tetrapods ena onse, amadutsa njira yomwe mphutsi, yomwe ndi tadpole, imakhala khalani wamkulu ndipo imachokera kupuma kwamasamba kupita kupuma kwamapapo. Munthawi imeneyi, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwamthupi ndi thupi kumachitika, komwe thupi limadzikonzekeretsa kuchoka pamadzi kupita kumoyo wapadziko lapansi.

Dzira la amphibiya limasungidwa m'madzi; choncho, pamene mphutsi imaswa, imakhala ndi mphepo yopumira, mchira, ndi pakamwa mozungulira kuti idye. Pakapita kanthawi m'madzi, ikhala yokonzekera kusintha kwa zinthu, momwe imasinthira kwambiri kuyambira kusowa kwa mchira ndi matumbo, monga ma salamanders ena (Urodelos), kusintha kwakukulu pama organic, monga achule (Anurans). O Chotsatira chimachitikanso:

• Kukula kwa malekezero akunja ndi kumbuyo;
• Kukula kwa mafupa a mafupa;
• Kukula kwa mapapo;
• Kusiyanitsa kwa makutu ndi maso;
• Khungu limasintha;
• Kukula kwa ziwalo zina ndi mphamvu;
• Kukula kwa Neuronal.

Komabe, mitundu ina ya salamanders ikhoza safuna kusintha ndikufikira mkhalidwe wauchikulire akadali ndi mawonekedwe a mphutsi, monga kupezeka kwa mitsempha, kuwapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati achikulire ochepa. Njirayi imatchedwa neoteny.

khungu la amphibian

Onse amphibiya amakono, mwachitsanzo Urodelos kapena Caudata (salamanders), Anuras (toads) ndi Gimnophiona (caecilians), onse amatchedwa Lissanphibia, ndipo dzinali limachokera kuti nyama izi alibe mamba pakhungu, ndiye "ali wamaliseche". Alibe zolumikizira zina zam'mimbazi monga ena amtundu uliwonse, kaya ndi tsitsi, nthenga kapena mamba, kupatula ma caecilians, omwe khungu lawo limakutidwa ndi mtundu wa "dermal scale".

Mbali inayi, khungu lanu ndi lowonda kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu lawo lipume bwino, limatha kuloleza ndipo limapatsidwa mavitamini, ma pigment ndi ma gland (nthawi zina amakhala ndi poizoni) omwe amawalola kuti adziteteze ku zipsinjo zachilengedwe komanso motsutsana ndi anthu ena, ngati chitetezo chawo choyamba.

Mitundu yambiri, monga dendrobatids (achule a poizoni), ali nayo mitundu yowala kwambiri zomwe zimawalola kuti azipereka "chenjezo" kwa adani awo, chifukwa ndiopatsa chidwi, koma mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri umalumikizidwa ndi tiziwalo taphe. Izi mwachilengedwe zimatchedwa aposematism ya nyama, yomwe kwenikweni ndi mtundu wochenjeza.

Mafupa Amphibian ndi Zowopsa

Gulu ili la nyama limasiyana mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mafupa ake poyerekeza ndi zina zam'mimba. Pakusintha kwawo, iwo anataya ndikusintha mafupa ambiri a akumbuyo, koma mchiuno mwake, mbali ina, watukuka kwambiri.

Miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi zala zinayi ndipo yakumbuyo, isanu, ndipo ndi yolitali kudumpha kapena kusambira, kupatula kwa ma caecilians, omwe adataya miyendo yawo yakumbuyo chifukwa chamoyo wawo. Mbali inayi, kutengera mitundu, miyendo yakumbuyo imatha kusinthidwa kuti idumphe ndikusambira, komanso poyenda.

Pakamwa pa Amphibian

Pakamwa pa amphibiya amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi izi:

• Mano ofooka;
• Yaikulu ndi yotakata pakamwa;
• Lilime la minofu ndi mnofu.

Malilime a ku Amphibian amathandizira kudyetsa kwawo, ndipo mitundu ina imatha kutuluka kuti igwire nyama yawo.

Kudyetsa Amphibian

Kuyankha funso loti zomwe amphibiya amadya ndizovuta pang'ono, monga momwe amphibiya amadyera zimasiyanasiyana ndi zakaKukhala wokhoza kudyetsa zomera zam'madzi munthawi yophulika komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, monga:

• Nyongolotsi;
• Tizilombo;
• Akangaude.

Palinso mitundu yodya nyama yomwe imatha kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, monga nsomba ndi zinyama. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi ma bullfrogs (omwe amapezeka mgulu la achule), omwe ndi osaka mwayi ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha kubanika poyesa kumeza nyama zazikulu kwambiri.

Kupuma kwa Amphibian

Amphibians ali nawo kupuma kwa gill (m'kati mwake) ndi khungu, chifukwa cha khungu lawo locheperako komanso lovomerezeka, lomwe limawathandiza kusinthana ndi mpweya. Komabe, achikulire amakhalanso ndi mpweya wopumira m'mapapo ndipo, m'mitundu yambiri, amaphatikiza njira ziwiri zopumira m'miyoyo yawo yonse.

Kumbali ina, mitundu ina ya salamanders imasowa kupuma kwamapapo, chifukwa chake imagwiritsa ntchito kusinthana kwa mpweya kudzera pakhungu, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapindidwa kuti mawonekedwe osinthana awonjezeke.

Kubereka kwa Amphibian

Amphibians alipo patulani amuna ndi akazi, ndiye kuti, ali ndi dioecious, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawonekedwe azakugonana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amuna ndi akazi amasiyanitsidwa. Feteleza makamaka kunja kwa anurans ndi mkati mwa urodelus ndi gymnophionas. Ndi nyama zovundikira ndipo mazira awo amasungidwa m'madzi kapena nthaka yonyowa kuti isamaume, koma pankhani ya salamanders, yamwamuna imasiya paketi ya umuna mu gawo lapansi, lotchedwa spermatophore, kuti isonkhanitsidwe pambuyo pake ndi mkazi.

Mazira a Amphibian amayikidwa mkati misala yowuma wopangidwa ndi makolo ndipo, nawonso, akhoza kutetezedwa ndi gelatinous nembanemba zomwe zimawatetezanso ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zolusa. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi chisamaliro cha makolo, ngakhale ndiyosowa, ndipo chisamaliro ichi chimangokhala kunyamula mazira mkamwa kapena tadpoles kumbuyo kwawo, ndikuwasuntha ngati pali chilombo chapafupi.

Komanso, atero kuchimbudzi, komanso zokwawa ndi mbalame, ndipo kudzera mu njira iyi kuberekana ndi kutulutsa timadzi kumachitika.

Makhalidwe ena amphibiya

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tatchulazi, amphibian amadziwikanso ndi izi:

• mtima wovuta: Ali ndi mtima wonyezimira, wokhala ndi atria awiri ndi ventricle imodzi, komanso kuzungulira kawiri pamtima. Khungu lanu limakhala lotupa kwambiri.
• Chitani zachilengedwe: popeza mitundu yambiri imadyetsa tizilombo tomwe titha kukhala tizilombo tina ta tizilombo kapena tizilombo ta matenda, monga udzudzu.
• Ndiwo owonetsa zabwino: Mitundu ina imatha kupereka chidziwitso chokhudza malo omwe akukhala, chifukwa amapeza zinthu zapoizoni pakhungu lawo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu awo achepe m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi.
• Mitundu yambiri yamitundu: pali mitundu yoposa 8,000 ya amphibian padziko lapansi, yomwe yoposa 7,000 imagwirizana ndi anurans, mitundu pafupifupi 700 ya urodelos ndipo oposa 200 amafanana ndi ma gymnophionas.
• Kutha: Mitundu yambiri ya anthu ili pachiwopsezo kapena ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi matenda otchedwa chytridiomycosis, oyambitsidwa ndi bowa wa chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, zomwe zikuwononga kwambiri anthu awo.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Makhalidwe a Amphibian, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.