Makhalidwe a Reptile

Mlembi: John Stephens
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 23 Jayuwale 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 20 Novembala 2024
Anonim
Makhalidwe a Reptile - Ziweto
Makhalidwe a Reptile - Ziweto

Zamkati

Zokwawa ndi gulu la nyama zosiyanasiyana. Mmenemo timapeza fayilo ya abuluzi, njoka, akamba ndi ng'ona. Nyama izi zimakhala mdziko komanso madzi, onse abwino komanso amchere. Titha kupeza zokwawa m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, zipululu, madambo komanso m'malo ozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Makhalidwe a zokwawa zinawalola kuti azilamulira zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana.

Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tidzadziwa mikhalidwe ya chokwawa zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala nyama zapadera, kuwonjezera pa zithunzi zokwawa zozizwitsa!

Gulu la zokwawa

zokwawa zija ndi nyama zamtundu wambiri omwe amachokera pagulu la zolengedwa zakuthambo zomwe zidatchedwa reptilomorphic fossil amphibians zotchedwa Zojambulajambula. Zokwawa zoyambazi zimayambira nthawi ya Carboniferous, pomwe panali zakudya zosiyanasiyana.


Chisinthiko chokwawa

Zokwawa zomwe zokwawa za masiku ano zinachokera amagawidwa m'magulu atatu, kutengera kupezeka kwa kutseguka kwakanthawi (ali ndi mabowo mu chigaza, kuti achepetse kulemera kwawo):

  • malembo: zokwawa ngati nyama ndipo izi zidawadzutsa. Iwo anali ndi kutsegula kanthawi kochepa chabe.
  • Testudines kapena Anapsids: adalowera akamba, alibe mipata yakanthawi.
  • diapsids, agawidwa m'magulu awiri: archosauromaso, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya ma dinosaurs komanso yomwe idatulutsa mbalame ndi ng'ona; ndipo kutuloji, yomwe inayambitsa abuluzi, njoka ndi ena.

Mitundu ya reptile ndi zitsanzo

M'gawo lapitalo, mumadziwa mtundu wa zokwawa zomwe zimayambira pano. Lero, tikudziwa magulu atatu a zokwawa ndi chitsanzo:


Ng'ona

Mwa iwo, timapeza ng'ona, ma caimans, ma gharials ndi ma alligator, ndipo izi ndi zitsanzo zoyimira kwambiri za zokwawa:

  • Ng'ombe yaku America (Crocodylus acutus)
  • Ng'ombe yaku Mexico (alirezatalischioriginal)
  • Chombo cha American Alligator (Chombo cha alligator mississippiensis)
  • Alligator (Caiman ng'ona)
  • Alligator-wa-dambo (Caiman Yacare)

Squamous kapena Squamata

Ndi zokwawa monga njoka, abuluzi, iguana ndi njoka zosaona, monga:

  • Chinjoka cha Komodo (Varanus komodoensis)
  • Iguana yam'madzi (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)
  • Iguana yobiriwira (iguana iguana)
  • Nkhutu (Mauritanian tarentola)
  • Chingwe cha Arboreal (Morelia viridis)
  • Njoka yakhungu (Blanus cinereus)
  • Chameleon wa ku Yemen (Chamaeleo calyptratus)
  • Mdierekezi Waminga (Moloki Hididus)
  • Sardão (PA)lepida)
  • Chipululu Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)

Zolemba

Mtundu wa zokwawa izi umafanana ndi akamba, apadziko lapansi komanso am'madzi:


  • Kamba wachi Greek (kuyesa kwaulere)
  • Fulu waku Russia (Testudo horsfieldii)
  • Kamba wobiriwira (Chelonia mydas)
  • Fulu wamba (alireza)
  • Khungu lachikopa (Dermochelys coriacea)
  • Kulira koluma (njoka ya chelydra)

Kubalana kwa reptile

Titawona zitsanzo za zokwawa, timatsatira ndi mawonekedwe awo. zokwawa zija ndi nyama za oviparousndiye kuti, kuyikira mazira, ngakhale zina zokwawa zili ndi ovoviviparous, monga njoka zina, zomwe zimabala ana opangidwa mokwanira. Manyowa a nyama izi nthawi zonse amakhala mkati. Zigoba za mazira zimatha kukhala zolimba kapena zochepa.

Mwa akazi, thumba losunga mazira "amayandama" m'mimbamo ndipo amakhala ndi chotchedwa Müller's ruct, chomwe chimatseka chipolopolo cha mazira.

Khungu lokwawa

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zokwawa ndikhungu lawo palibe zopangitsa zam'mimba chitetezo, chokha masikelo a epidermal. Masikelo awa akhoza kusanjidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: limodzi, kulumikizana, ndi zina zambiri. Masikelo amasiya malo oyenda pakati pawo, otchedwa hinge, kuti alole kusuntha. Pansi pa masikelo a epidermal, timapeza masikelo amfupa otchedwa osteoderms, omwe ntchito yake ndikupangitsa khungu kukhala lolimba.

Khungu la zokwawa sizisinthidwa mzidutswa, koma chidutswa chonse, exuvia. Zimangokhudza gawo lamatenda akhungu. Kodi mumadziwa kale izi zokwawa?

kupuma kwa chokwawa

Tikawunikanso zomwe amphibiya amachita, tiwona kuti kupuma kumachitika kudzera pakhungu ndipo mapapo sagawanika bwino, kutanthauza kuti alibe zofunikira pakusinthana ndi gasi. Mu zokwawa, mbali inayi, magawanowa amakula, kuwapangitsa kuti apange china phokoso lopuma, makamaka abuluzi ndi ng'ona.

Kuphatikiza apo, m'mapapo mwa zokwawa mumadutsa ngalande yotchedwa magwire.

Makina oyenda mozungulira a Reptile

Mosiyana ndi zinyama kapena mbalame, mtima wa zokwawa ali ndi ventricle imodzi yokha, yomwe m'mitundu yambiri imayamba kugawanika, koma imagawikana kwathunthu mwa ng'ona.

Mtima wa zokwawa za ng'ona

Mwa ng'ona, komanso, mtima uli ndi mawonekedwe otchedwa Paniza dzenje, amene amalankhula mbali yakumanzere ya mtima ndi kumanja. Kapangidwe kameneka kamagwiritsiranso ntchito kubwezeretsa magazi nyama ikamizidwa m'madzi ndipo silingathe kapena sakufuna kutuluka kuti ipume, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazikhalidwe za zokwawa zomwe zimakondweretsa.

Reptile dongosolo m'mimba

Kulankhula za zokwawa ndi mawonekedwe wamba, dongosolo lam'mimba la zokwawa ndilofanana kwambiri ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Imayambira pakamwa, yomwe itha kukhala kapena yopanda mano, kenako imapita kummero, m'mimba, m'matumbo ang'ono (ofupikirako zokwawa zodya nyama) ndi matumbo akulu, omwe amalowa mu cloaca.

zokwawa zija osatafuna chakudya; chifukwa chake, omwe amadya nyama amatulutsa asidi wambiri m'mimba kuti alimbikitse kugaya chakudya. Momwemonso, izi zimatha kutenga masiku angapo. Monga zina zambiri zokhudza zokwawa, tikhoza kunena kuti ena mwa iwo kumeza miyala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana chifukwa amathandizira kuphwanya chakudya m'mimba.

zokwawa zina zili nazo Mano owopsa, monga njoka ndi mitundu iwiri ya abuluzi a gila monster, banja Helodermatidae (Ku Mexico). Mitundu yonse ya abuluzi ili ndi poizoni kwambiri, ndipo yasintha tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa ma gland a Durvernoy. Ali ndi ma grooves kuti atulutse mankhwala owopsa omwe amalepheretsa nyamayo.

Mkati mikhalidwe ya zokwawa, njoka makamaka, titha kuzipeza mano osiyanasiyana:

  • mano aglyph: palibe njira.
  • mano opistoglyph: yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa kamwa, ili ndi njira yomwe poizoni amalowetsamo.
  • mano a protoroglyph: yomwe ili kutsogolo ndikukhala ndi njira.
  • Mano a Solenoglyph: kupezeka mwa njoka zokha. Ali ndi chotengera chamkati. Mano amatha kuchoka kumbuyo kupita kutsogolo, ndipo amakhala owopsa.

Reptile mantha dongosolo

Kuganizira za zokwawa, ngakhale mawonekedwe amanjenje amtundu wathunthu ali ndimagawo ofanana ndi dongosolo lamanjenje am'mayi zachikale kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ubongo wa zokwawa sizikhala ndi zophatikizana, zomwe ndi mizere muubongo yomwe imathandizira kukulira pamwamba popanda kuwonjezera kukula kwake kapena kuchuluka kwake. Cerebellum, yomwe imagwira ntchito yolumikizana komanso kusamala, ilibe ma hemispheres awiri ndipo imapangidwa bwino, monganso ma lobes a optic.

Zokwawa zina zili ndi diso lachitatu, lomwe ndi cholandilira chopepuka chomwe chimalumikizana ndi gland ya pineal, yomwe ili muubongo.

Chitetezo chamtundu wa Reptile

Zokwawa, komanso nyama zina zambiri, ndi impso ziwiri zomwe zimatulutsa mkodzo ndi chikhodzodzo zomwe zimasunga zisanachotsedwe ndi cloaca. Komabe, zokwawa zina zilibe chikhodzodzo ndipo zimachotsa mkodzo mwachindunji kudzera mu cloaca, m'malo mozisunga, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zodabwitsa za zokwawa zomwe anthu ochepa amadziwa.

Chifukwa cha momwe mkodzo umapangidwira, Zokwawa zam'madzi zimatulutsa amoniya wambiri, yomwe imafunika kusungunuka ndi madzi omwe amamwa pafupifupi mosalekeza. Mbali inayi, zokwawa zapadziko lapansi, zopanda madzi ambiri, zimasintha amoniya kukhala uric acid, yomwe siyenera kuchepetsedwa. Izi zikufotokozera chikhalidwe cha zokwawa: mkodzo wa zokwawa zapadziko lapansi ndizolimba kwambiri, zoyera komanso zoyera.

Kudyetsa zokwawa

Mkati mikhalidwe ya zokwawa, timawona kuti iwo akhoza kukhala nyama zodyera kapena zodya nyama. Zokwawa zokhala ndi zokwawa zimatha kukhala ndi mano akuthwa ngati ng'ona, mano obaya njoka ngati njoka, kapena milomo yoluka ngati akamba. Zokwawa zina zodya nyama zimadya tizilombo, monga bilimankhwe kapena abuluzi.

Kumbali inayi, zokwawa zosadya nyama zimadya zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi mano owoneka, koma amakhala ndi nyonga zambiri nsagwada zawo. Kuti adzidyetse, amadula zidutswa za chakudya ndikuzimeza zonse, motero sizachilendo kudya miyala yothandiza kugaya chakudya.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa mitundu ina ya nyama zodyetsa kapena zodya nyama, komanso mawonekedwe ake onse, musaphonye izi:

  • Zinyama Zowononga - Zitsanzo ndi Zokonda
  • Nyama Zodyera - Zitsanzo ndi Trivia

Makhalidwe ena a reptile

M'magawo am'mbuyomu, tidawunikanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a zokwawa, potengera momwe zimakhalira, kudyetsa ndi kupuma. Komabe, pali zina zambiri zomwe zimafanana ndi zokwawa zonse, ndipo tsopano tikuwonetsani zomwe zili zochititsa chidwi kwambiri:

Zokwawa zili ndi miyendo yaifupi kapena yopanda.

Zinyama zambiri zimakhala ndi miyendo yochepa kwambiri. Zokwawa zina, monga njoka, zilibe ngakhale miyendo. Ndi nyama zomwe zimayandikira kwambiri pansi. Zokwawa zam'madzi zilinso ndi miyendo yayitali.

Zokwawa ndi nyama zopitilira muyeso

Zokwawa ndi ectothermic nyama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sangathe kuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi lawo ndekha, ndipo zimadalira kutentha kwa chilengedwe. Ectothermia imalumikizidwa ndi machitidwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, zokwawa ndi nyama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala padzuwa, makamaka pamiyala yotentha. Akawona kuti kutentha kwa thupi lawo kwawonjezeka kwambiri, amachoka padzuwa. M'madera apadziko lapansi kumene kumakhala kuzizira, zokwawa zija kubisala.

Vomeronasal kapena chiwalo cha Jacobson mu zokwawa

Chiwindi cha vomeronasal kapena limba la Jacobson amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zinthu zina, kawirikawiri ma pheromones. Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera m'matumbo, kukoma ndi kununkhira kumayikidwa, ndiye kuti, kulawa ndi fungo zimadutsa pakamwa.

Matanki a septic olandila kutentha

Zokwawa zina zimawona kusintha kwakuchepa kwa kutentha, pozindikira kusiyana kwa 0.03 ° C. maenje awa zili pankhope, kupezeka awiriawiri kapena awiri, kapenanso ma 13 maenje.

Mkati mwa dzenje lililonse pali chipinda chophatikizika ndi nembanemba. Ngati pali nyama yamagazi pafupi, mpweya mchipinda choyamba umachulukirachulukira ndipo nembanemba yamkati imapangitsa mitsempha kutha, kuchenjeza nyamayo kuti izikhala nyama yomwe ingagwire.

Ndipo popeza nkhaniyi ndi yofanana ndi zokwawa, mutha kuwonera kanemayo pa njira yathu ya YouTube yomwe ili ndi mitundu yochititsa chidwi yomwe yatchulidwa munkhaniyi, chinjoka cha Komodo:

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Makhalidwe a Reptile, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.