Gulu la nyama zamtundu wambiri

Zamkati

• Kodi gulu la nyama zamtundu wambiri lili bwanji?
• Zinyama zochepa malinga ndi mtundu wa Linnean
• Superclass Agnatos (palibe nsagwada)
• Superclass Gnatostomados (ndi nsagwada)
• Tetrapoda Superclass (yokhala ndi malekezero anayi)
• Zinyama zosazolowereka molingana ndi mtundu wa cladistic
• Zitsanzo zambiri za nyama zamtundu wambiri
• Mitundu ina yamagulu azinyama zolimbitsa thupi

Nyama zopanda majeremusi ndi omwe ali ndi mafupa amkati, zomwe zingakhale zamathambo kapena zamatenda, ndipo ndi za subphylum ya zovuta, Ndiye kuti, ali ndi chingwe chakumbuyo kapena notochord ndipo amapangidwa ndi gulu lalikulu la nyama, kuphatikiza nsomba ndi zinyama. Izi zimagawana mawonekedwe ena ndi subphyla ina yomwe imapanga zovuta, koma amapanga zatsopano ndi zatsopano zomwe zimawalola kuti azigawanikana pagulu la taxonomic.

Gululi limatchedwanso craneados, lomwe limatanthauza kupezeka kwa chigaza mwa nyamazi, kaya za mafupa kapena cartilaginous. Komabe, asayansi ena amati mawuwa ndi achikale. Makina ozindikiritsa ndi kugawa mitundu akuti pali mitundu yoposa 60,000 yamtundu wambiri, gulu lowoneka bwino lomwe limakhala pafupifupi zachilengedwe zonse padzikoli. Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimalinso tikuphunzitsani gulu la nyama zamtundu wambiri. Kuwerenga bwino!

Kodi gulu la nyama zamtundu wambiri lili bwanji?

Zinyama zolimbitsa thupi zimakhala ndi luntha, luso lotha kuzindikira ndipo zimatha kuchita zinthu mosiyana kwambiri chifukwa cholumikizana minofu ndi mafupa.

Vertebrates amadziwika kuti amamvetsetsa, m'njira yosavuta:

• Nsomba
• amphibiya
• zokwawa
• mbalame
• Zinyama

Komabe, pakadali pano pali mitundu iwiri yamagulu azinyama zolimbana: Linnean wachikhalidwe komanso wachikopa. Ngakhale gulu la Linnean lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kale, kafukufuku waposachedwa akuti kusanja kwachinyengo kumakhazikitsa njira zina potengera mtundu wa nyama izi.

Kuphatikiza pofotokozera njira ziwirizi zosankhira nyama zamtunduwu, tikupatsaninso gulu lokhazikika pamitundu yazomwe zilibe mafupa.

Zinyama zochepa malinga ndi mtundu wa Linnean

Gulu la Linnean ndi njira yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi ndi asayansi omwe amapereka njira othandiza komanso othandiza kugawa mdziko lapansi zamoyo. Komabe, kupita patsogolo makamaka m'malo monga kusinthika komanso chifukwa chake majini, magawo ena omwe adasankhidwa pamzerewu amayenera kusintha pakapita nthawi. Pansi pa gulu ili, zamoyo zamtunduwu zimagawidwa mu:

Superclass Agnatos (palibe nsagwada)

M'gululi, timapeza:

• Cephalaspidomorphs: ili ndi gulu lomwe latha kale.
• Hyperartios: apa pakubwera zoyatsira nyali (monga mitundu Petromyzon m'madzi) ndi nyama zina zam'madzi, zokhala ndi matupi otalika komanso ophatikizika.
• Zosakaniza: imadziwika kuti hagfish, yomwe ndi nyama zam'madzi, zokhala ndi matupi otalikirana komanso achikale kwambiri.

Superclass Gnatostomados (ndi nsagwada)

Nayi magulu:

• Ma Placoderm: kalasi lomwe latha kale.
• Acanthode: gulu lina losowa.
• Ma Chondrites: kumene nsomba zamatenda monga blue shark zimapezeka (Prionace glauca) ndi stingray, monga Aetobatus narinari, pakati pa ena.
• zokhala: Amadziwika kuti nsomba zamathambo, pomwe tikhoza kutchula mitunduyo Plectorhinchus vittatus.

Tetrapoda Superclass (yokhala ndi malekezero anayi)

Mamembala a superclass iyi nawonso ali ndi nsagwada. Apa tikupeza gulu lazinyama zamtundu wina, zomwe zidagawika m'magulu anayi:

• amphibiya.
• zokwawa.
• mbalame.
• Zinyama.

Nyama izi zatha kukhala m'malo onse omwe angakhalepo, ndikugawidwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Zinyama zosazolowereka molingana ndi mtundu wa cladistic

Ndikutukuka kwamaphunziro azisinthiko ndikukhathamiritsa kwa kafukufuku wamtundu wa chibadwa, gulu lachipembedzo lidatulukira, lomwe limafotokoza kusiyanasiyana kwa zamoyo zomwe zikugwira ntchito ndendende maubwenzi osintha. Mumagawo amtunduwu pamakhalanso zosiyana ndipo zimadalira pazinthu zingapo, kotero palibe matanthauzo athunthu pamagulu osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi dera lino la zamoyo, zamoyo zamtunduwu zimatchedwa:

• Ma cyclostomes: nsomba zopanda nsagwada monga hagfish ndi nyali.
• Ma Chondrites: nsomba zamatenda monga sharki.
• alowa: nsomba zamathambo monga nsomba, nsomba ndi eels, pakati pa ena ambiri.
• Zamgululi: lungfish, monga nsomba za salamander.
• amphibiya: achule, achule ndi salamanders.
• Zinyama: anamgumi, mileme ndi mimbulu, pakati pa ena ambiri.
• Ma Lepidosaurians: abuluzi ndi njoka, pakati pa ena.
• Zolemba: akamba.
• archosaurs: ng'ona ndi mbalame.

Zitsanzo zambiri za nyama zamtundu wambiri

Nazi zitsanzo za nyama zolimbitsa thupi:

• Dolphin wakuda (Sotalia guianensis)
• Jaguar (Panthera onca)
• Nyanja Yaikulu (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
• Ziliri ku New Zealand (Coturnix novaezelandiae)
• Pernambuco Cabure (Glaucidium mooreorum)
• Nkhandwe yamankhwala (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
• Mphungu yakuda (Urubinga coronata)
• Mbalame yotchedwa Violet-eared hummingbird (Colibri serrirostris)

Munkhani ina ya PeritoAnimal, mutha kuwona zitsanzo zambiri za nyama zamtundu ndi zopanda mafupa komanso zithunzi zingapo za nyama zolimbitsa.

Mitundu ina yamagulu azinyama zolimbitsa thupi

Ma Vertebrate adalumikizidwa palimodzi chifukwa amagawana ngati chinthu chofala kupezeka kwa chigaza zomwe zimapereka chitetezo kuubongo komanso bony kapena cartilaginous vertebrae zomwe zikuzungulira msana. Koma, komano, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ena ake, amathanso kugawa zambiri kukhala:

• Amadziwika: Kuphatikiza zosakaniza ndi zopangira nyali.
• Gnatostomados: komwe nsomba zimapezeka, nyama zam'mbali zamataya nsagwada ndi malekezero zomwe zimapanga zipsepse ndi tetrapods, zomwe ndi zina zonse zamphongo.

Njira ina yosankhira nyama zanyama zopanda mnofu ndikukula kwa mluza:

• amniotes: amatanthauza kukula kwa mwana wosabadwa mu thumba lodzaza madzi, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zokwawa, mbalame ndi zinyama.
• anamniotes: ikuwonetsa zochitika zomwe mwana wosabadwayo samakula mchikwama chodzaza madzi, momwe tingaphatikizire nsomba ndi amphibiya.

Monga tidakwanitsira kuwonetsa, pali kusiyana pakati pamakina agulu nyama zolimbitsa thupi, ndipo izi zikuwonetsa mulingo wazovuta zomwe zilipo pantchito yozindikiritsa ndi kugawa zachilengedwe.

Mwakutero, sikutheka kukhazikitsa njira zenizeni zamagulu, komabe, titha kukhala ndi lingaliro lamomwe zinyama zamtunduwu zimasankhidwira, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti mumvetsetse momwe zimakhalira ndikusintha kwawo padziko lapansi.

Tsopano popeza mukudziwa nyama zamtunduwu ndikudziwa mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, mutha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi nkhaniyi pakusintha kwa mibadwo ya nyama.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Gulu la nyama zamtundu wambiri, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.