chiyambi cha galu

Zamkati

• Kodi nyama zoyambirira kudya zinali ziti?
• Kupatukana mu ma feline ndi ma caniform
• Kodi kholo la galu ndi ndani?
• Chiyambi cha galu ndi ma canids ena
• Galu amachokera nkhandwe?
• kusinthika kwa agalu
• Anthu ndi Agalu: Kukumana koyamba
• Kuweta agalu
• Chiyambi cha mitundu ya galu
• Zina zoyesayesa zolephera

THE chiyambi cha galu woweta yakhala nkhani yotsutsana kwazaka zambiri, yodzaza ndi zosadziwika komanso nthano zabodza. Ngakhale pakadali pano pali mafunso oti athetsedwe, sayansi imapereka mayankho ofunikira kwambiri omwe amathandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe agalu ndiwo ziweto zabwino kwambiri kapena chifukwa chake, mosiyana ndi mimbulu kapena amphaka, mtundu uwu ndi woweta kwambiri.

Kodi mudayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti chiyambi cha agalu? Dziwani ku PeritoZinyama zonse za Canis lupus familiaris, kuyambira ndi nyama yoyamba kudya ndi kutha ndi mitundu yambiri ya agalu yomwe ilipo masiku ano. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa mwatsatanetsatane chiyambi cha galu, musaphonye mwayi uwu kuti mupite zakale ndikumvetsetsa komwe zidayambira komanso momwe zidayambira.

Kodi nyama zoyambirira kudya zinali ziti?

Mbiri yoyamba ya mafupa a nyama yodya nyama idayamba kale Zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, mu Eocene. Chinyama choyamba ichi chinali maphunziro, adadyetsa pothamangitsa ndikusaka nyama zina zazing'ono kuposa iye. Zinali zofanana ndi marten, koma ndi mphuno yayifupi. Chifukwa chake, nyama zadyazi zidagawika m'magulu awiri:

• Zovala: zitumbuwa, zisindikizo, ma walrus, possums, zimbalangondo ...
• The felines: felines, mongooses, majini ...

Kupatukana mu ma feline ndi ma caniform

Magulu awiriwa amasiyana mosiyanasiyana pakapangidwe kake khutu ndi mano. Kupatukana kwa magulu awiriwa kudachitika chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa malo okhala. Monga kuzirala kwa dziko, a nkhalango inali kutayika ndipo madambo adapeza malo. Apa ndiye kuti ma feliformes adatsalira m'mitengo ndipo zovalazi zidayamba kuchita ukadaulo wosaka nyama m'madambo, popeza ma caniform, kupatula ochepa, kusowa misomali yobweza.

Kodi kholo la galu ndi ndani?

Kuti mudziwe gwero la galu, ndikofunikira kubwerera kumakani oyamba yomwe idapezeka ku North America, popeza canid yoyamba kudziwika ndi Kutimachi, omwe amakhala mdera la Texas zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo. Canid iyi inali kukula kwa raccoon koma yocheperako komanso inali ndi miyendo yayitali kuposa makolo ake akale.

Canid yodziwika kwambiri inali epicyon. Ndi mutu wolimba kwambiri, umakhala ngati mkango kapena fisi kuposa nkhandwe. Sizikudziwika ngati angakhale wopha nyama kapena akufuna kusaka m'matumba, monga nkhandwe yapano. Nyamazi zidangokhala ku North America masiku ano ndipo zakhala zaka 20 mpaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo. Adafika mamita asanu ndi 150 kilos.

Chiyambi cha galu ndi ma canids ena

Zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo, ku North America, gululi lidagawanika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti abale achibale akale a mimbulu, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Ndipo kupitilizabe kuzizira kwa dziko lapansi, zaka 8 miliyoni zapitazo, Bering Strait Bridge, zomwe zidalola maguluwa anafika ku Eurasia, komwe amatha kufikira kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu. Ku Eurasia, woyamba kennels lupus unawonekera zaka theka lokha miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo zaka 250,000 zapitazo unabwerera ku North America kuwoloka Bering Strait.

Galu amachokera nkhandwe?

Mu 1871, Charles Darwin adayambitsa chiphunzitso cha makolo angapo, yomwe imati galu amachokera ku mimbulu, mimbulu ndi mimbulu. Komabe, mu 1954, Konrad Lorenz adatsutsa khandwe kuti ndiye galu woyambira ndipo adati mitundu ya Nordic imachokera ku nkhandwe ndipo enawo adachokera ku nkhandwe.

kusinthika kwa agalu

Kenako galu amachokera nkhandwe? Pakadali pano, chifukwa chotsatira kwa DNA, kwapezeka kuti galu, nkhandwe, mphalapala ndi nkhandwe gawani magawo a DNA ndikuti ofanana kwambiri ndi DNA ya galu ndi nkhandwe. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2014^[1] imatsimikizira kuti galu ndi nkhandwe ndi amtundu umodzi, koma ndizosiyana. Akuyerekeza kuti agalu ndi mimbulu akhoza kukhala ndi kholo limodzi, koma palibe maphunziro omaliza.

Pezani agalu omwe amawoneka ngati mimbulu m'nkhaniyi ya PeritoAnimal.

Anthu ndi Agalu: Kukumana koyamba

Pamene zaka 200,000 zapitazo anthu oyamba adachoka ku Africa ndikufika ku Europe, zithunzizi zidalipo kale. Amakhala limodzi ngati ochita nawo mpikisano kwanthawi yayitali mpaka pomwe adayamba kucheza kwawo zaka 30,000 zapitazo.

tsiku la maphunziro abadwa agalu oyamba Zaka zikwi 15 zapitazo, mdera la Asia lomwe likufanana ndi China chamakono, chofanana ndi chiyambi cha ulimi. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa 2013 ochokera ku Sweden University of Uppsala ^[2] kunena kuti kuweta galu kunalumikizidwa Kusiyana kwa chibadwa pakati pa nkhandwe ndi galu, Yokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha ubongo ndi wowuma kagayidwe.

Pomwe alimi oyamba adadzikhazikitsa, ndikupanga zakudya zowonjezera mphamvu, magulu opanga mwayi adayandikira malo okhala anthu, ndikudya zotsalira zamasamba zokhala ndi wowuma. Agalu oyambawa analinso wosakwiya kuposa mimbulu, zomwe zinkathandiza kuti anthu azikhalamo.

THE zakudya zosakaniza kunali kofunika kuti zamoyozi zizikula bwino, popeza kusintha kwa chibadwa cha agalu amenewa kunkawalepheretsa kuti azikhala ndi moyo wongodya zakudya za makolo awo.

Mapaketi agalu adapeza chakudya m'mudzimo, chifukwa chake, amateteza gawo la nyama zina, zomwe zidapindulitsa anthu. Titha kunena kuti kudalirana uku kunalola kuyerekezera pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ziweto, zomwe zidakwaniritsa kugwiridwa kwa galu.

Kuweta agalu

THE Lingaliro la Coppinger akuti zaka 15,000 zapitazo, zitini zinafika kumidzi kukafuna chakudya chosavuta. Zitha kukhala kuti zidachitika zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri komanso zodalirika anali otheka kupeza chakudya kuposa omwe amasokoneza anthu. Chifukwa chake, agalu amtchire ochezeka komanso odekha anali ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti apulumuke kwambiri ndipo zidabweretsa mibadwo yatsopano ya agalu odekha. Chiphunzitsochi chimatsutsa lingaliro loti anali munthu yemwe adayandikira galuyo ndi cholinga choti amuyimitse.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ya galu

Pakadali pano, tikudziwa mitundu yoposa 300 ya agalu, ina mwa iwo imakhala yovomerezeka. Izi ndichifukwa choti, kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th, Victorian England adayamba kupanga zamatsenga, sayansi yophunzira za chibadwa ndipo cholinga chake ndi kusintha kwa zamoyo. Tanthauzo la SAR ^[3] ndi izi:

Kuchokera kwa Fr. zamatsenga, ndipo iyi kuchokera ku gr. εὖ ine chabwino ndi -chibadwa '-Genesis'.

1. f. Med. Kuphunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achilengedwe olimbikitsa kusintha mitundu ya anthu.

Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe amomwe amapangitsa kuti ukhale wosiyana, ndipo obereketsa m'mbiri yonse akhala akuphatikiza mayendedwe ndi kupsa mtima kuti apange mitundu yatsopano yomwe ingapatse anthu ntchito ina. Kafukufuku wamtundu wamitundu yopitilira 161 amaloza ku Basenji monga galu wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuchokera komwe mitundu yonse ya agalu timadziwa lero idapangidwa.

Ma Eugenics, mafashoni ndi kusintha kwa mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana kwapangitsa kukongola kukhala chinthu chodziwitsa mitundu ya agalu amakono, kusiya thanzi, thanzi, mawonekedwe kapena zovuta zomwe zingayambitse.

Dziwani zambiri za PeritoZinyama momwe mitundu ya agalu yasinthira ndi zithunzi kuyambira kale komanso pano.

Zina zoyesayesa zolephera

Agalu otsalira kupatula mimbulu apezeka ku Central Europe, zomwe zidalephera kuyesa kuweta mimbulu panthawiyi. nthawi yotsiriza yamadzi, pakati pa zaka 30 ndi 20 zikwi zapitazo. Koma sizinachitike mpaka chiyambi cha ulimi kuti kuweta gulu la agalu oyamba kwakhala kosavuta. Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi yatulutsa zowona za chiyambi choyambirira cha ziphuphu komanso zoyambira zakale.