Gulu la nyama zopanda mafupa

Zamkati

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti invertebrate
• Kodi magulu azinyama zopanda mafupa amakhala bwanji?
• Gulu la Arthropods
• achinyengo
• Anthu a ku Crustaceans
• Unirámeos
• Magulu a Molluscs
• Gulu la ma annelids
• Gulu la Platyhelminths
• Gulu la Nematode
• Gulu la Echinoderms
• Pelmatozos
• Zolemba
• Gulu la Cnidarians
• Gulu la Porifers
• Nyama zina zopanda mafupa

Nyama zopanda mafupa ndizomwe, monga chinthu chofala, zimagawana kupezeka kwa msana wam'mimba komanso mafupa amkati. M'gulu lino muli nyama zambiri padziko lapansi, kuyimira 95% ya mitundu yomwe ilipo kale. Pokhala gulu losiyanasiyana kwambiri mderali, kugawa kwake kwakhala kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake palibe magawano otsimikizika.

Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tikukambirana gulu la nyama zopanda mafupa lomwe, monga mukuwonera, ndi gulu lalikulu m'mayiko ochititsa chidwi a zamoyo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti invertebrate

Mawu oti invertebrate sagwirizana ndi gulu lokhazikika pamasamba azasayansi, chifukwa ndi mawu achibadwa zomwe zimatanthawuza zakusowa kwa chinthu chofala (vertebral column), koma osati kukhalapo kwa chinthu chomwe aliyense pagululi ali nacho, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zinyama.

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti nyama zopanda mafuta ndi kosavomerezeka, m'malo mwake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula nyama izi, zimangotanthauza kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza kutanthauza zambiri.

Kodi magulu azinyama zopanda mafupa amakhala bwanji?

Monga nyama zina, mgulu la zamoyo zopanda mafupa palibe zotsatira zenizeni, komabe, pali mgwirizano wina woti magulu akuluakulu osagwirizana itha kugawidwa mu phyla yotsatirayi:

• nyamakazi
• alireza
• malipiro
• anayankha
• nematode
• echinoderm
• Anthu aku Cnidarians
• ziphuphu

Kuphatikiza pa kudziwa magulu opanda mafupa, mungakhale ndi chidwi chodziwa zitsanzo za nyama zopanda mafupa ndi zinyama.

Gulu la Arthropods

Ndi nyama zokhala ndi ziwalo zopangidwa bwino, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa chitinous exoskeleton. Kuphatikiza apo, adasiyanitsa komanso zowonjezera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi gulu la zopanda mafupa zomwe ali gawo lawo.

nyamakazi ya nyamakazi chikufanana ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri lazinyama ndipo amagawidwa m'magulu anayi a subphyla: trilobites (onse atha), chelicerates, crustaceans ndi unirámeos. Tidziwe momwe subphyla yomwe ilipo pakadali pano ndi zitsanzo zingapo za nyama zopanda mafupa imagawanika:

achinyengo

Mwa awa, zowonjezera ziwiri zoyambirira zidasinthidwa kuti apange chelicerae. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala ndi ma pedipalps, osachepera miyendo inayi ya miyendo, ndipo alibe tinyanga. Amapangidwa ndimakalasi otsatirawa:

• Ophatikizana: alibe pedipalps, koma kupezeka kwa miyendo isanu ya miyendo, monga nkhanu ya akavalo (limulus polyphemus).
• Pychnogonids: Nyama zam'madzi zokhala ndi mapaundi asanu omwe amadziwika kuti akangaude.
• Ma Arachnids: Ali ndi zigawo kapena tagmas, chelicerae, ma pedipalps omwe samakula bwino nthawi zonse komanso miyendo inayi. Zitsanzo zina za nyama zamtunduwu m'kalasiyi ndi akangaude, zinkhanira, nkhupakupa ndi nthata.

Anthu a ku Crustaceans

Zambiri zam'madzi komanso kupezeka kwamiyendo, tinyanga ndi zina. Amatanthauzidwa ndi magulu asanu oyimira, omwe ndi awa:

• Zithandizo: ndi akhungu ndipo amakhala m'mapanga akuya aku nyanja, monga mitundu Speleonectes ma tanumekes.
• Cephalocarids: ndi am'madzi, ang'onoang'ono kukula komanso mawonekedwe osavuta.
• Branchiopods: Kukula pang'ono mpaka kukula, makamaka kukhala m'madzi abwino, ngakhale amakhalanso m'madzi amchere. Amakhala ndi zowonjezera pambuyo pake. Momwemonso, amafotokozedwa ndi malamulo anayi: Anostraceans (komwe titha kupeza nkhono za goblin monga Streptocephalus mackini), notostraceans (yotchedwa tadpole shrimp monga Amayi achi Franciscan), cladocerans (omwe ndi utitiri wamadzi) ndi concostraceans (mussel shrimp monga Lynceus brachyurus).
• Ma Maxillopods: Kawirikawiri kukula kwake kumakhala kocheperako ndipo pamimba pamachepetsa ndi zowonjezera. Amagawidwa m'magulu am'mimba, ma mistacocarids, ma copepods, tantulocarids ndi cirripedes.
• Malacostraceans: ma crustaceans odziwika bwino kwa anthu amapezeka, ali ndi malo owoneka bwino osalala bwino ndipo amafotokozedwa ndimalamulo anayi, pakati pawo pali isopods (Ex. Armadillium granulatum), amphipods (Eks. chimphona Alicella), eufausiaceans, omwe amadziwika kuti krill (Ex. Meganyctiphanes norvegica) ndi ma decapods, kuphatikiza nkhanu, nkhanu ndi nkhanu.

Unirámeos

Amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi cholumikizira chimodzi chokha pazowonjezera zonse (popanda nthambi) ndikukhala ndi tinyanga, zotsogola ndi nsagwada. Subphylum iyi idapangidwa m'magulu asanu.

• magwire: amadziwika kuti amakhala ndi miyendo iwiri iwiri mgawo lililonse lomwe limapanga thupi. Mu gulu ili la nyama zopanda mafupa timapeza millipedes, monga mtundu Oxidus gracilis.
• Chilopods: Ali ndi magawo makumi awiri mphambu chimodzi, pomwe pali miyendo iwiri m'chigawo chilichonse. Nyama zomwe zili mgululi zimatchedwa centipedes (Lithobius forficatus, mwa ena).
• zochita: Kukula pang'ono, thupi lofewa komanso ngakhale miyendo khumi ndi umodzi.
• zokonda: zoyera, zazing'ono komanso zosalimba.
• gulu la tizilombo: mukhale ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, miyendo itatu ndi mapiko ambiri. Ndi gulu lanyama zambiri lomwe limaphatikizana palimodzi pafupifupi mitundu makumi atatu.

Magulu a Molluscs

Pulogalamuyi imadziwika ndi kukhala ndi dongosolo lathunthu logaya chakudya, ndi kupezeka kwa chiwalo chotchedwa radula, chomwe chili mkamwa ndipo chimagwira ntchito. Ali ndi dongosolo lotchedwa phazi lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera kapena kukonza. Makina ake oyendetsera magazi ndi otseguka pafupifupi nyama zonse, kusinthana kwa gasi kumachitika kudzera m'mitsempha, m'mapapu kapena pamwamba pa thupi, ndipo dongosolo lamanjenje limasiyana malinga ndi gulu. Agawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu, omwe tsopano tidziwa zitsanzo zambiri za nyama zopanda mafupa izi:

• Caudofoveados: Nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakumba nthaka yofewa. Alibe chipolopolo, koma ali ndi zisonga zowerengera, monga zikopa za crossotus.
• Solenogastros: ofanana ndi gulu lapitalo, ndi am'madzi, ofukula komanso okhala ndi miyala yamiyala, komabe alibe ma radula ndi ma gill (mwachitsanzo. Neomenia carinata).
• Monoplacophores: ndi ang'ono, okhala ndi chipolopolo chozungulira komanso kutha kukwawa, chifukwa cha phazi (ex. Neopilin rebainsi).
• Polyplacophores: yokhala ndi matupi olumikizana, ophatika komanso kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo. Amamvetsetsa kusiyidwa, monga mitundu Acanthochiton garnoti.
• Zithunzi: mtembo wake watsekedwa mu chipolopolo cha tubular ndikutsegula kumapeto onse awiri. Amatchedwanso mano a mano kapena njovu. Chitsanzo ndi mitundu Antalis vulgaris.
• ziphuphu: okhala ndi mawonekedwe osakanikirana komanso kupezeka kwa chipolopolo, chomwe chimavutikira, koma chomwe sichikhoza kupezeka m'mitundu ina. Kalasiyi imakhala ndi nkhono ndi slug, monga mitundu ya nkhono Cepaea nemoralis.
• kulimbana: thupi lili mkati mwa chipolopolo chokhala ndi mavavu awiri omwe amatha kukula mosiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo ndi mitundu venus wowopsa.
• Cephalopods: chipolopolo chake ndi chaching'ono kapena sichipezeka, chokhala ndi mutu ndi maso komanso kupezeka kwa mahema kapena mikono. Mkalasi muno timapeza squid ndi octopus.

Gulu la ma annelids

Ali nyongolotsi metamericNdiye kuti, pokhala ndi gawo la thupi, ndi cuticle yakunja yonyowa, makina otsekemera otsekedwa komanso dongosolo lathunthu lakugaya chakudya, kusinthana kwa gasi kumachitika kudzera m'mitsempha kapena kudzera pakhungu ndipo kumatha kukhala ma hermaphrodites kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Mndandanda wapamwamba wa ma annelids umatanthauzidwa ndi magulu atatu omwe mutha kuwunika ndi zitsanzo zambiri za nyama zopanda mafupa:

• Zolemba zambiri: Makamaka m'madzi, okhala ndi mutu wosiyanitsidwa bwino, kupezeka kwa maso ndi matendawo. Magawo ambiri amakhala ndi zowonjezera. Tikhoza kutchula monga mtundu wa mitunduyo succinic nereis ndi Phyllodoce mzere.
• oligochetes: amadziwika ndi kukhala ndimagawo osasintha komanso opanda mutu wofotokozedwa. Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi nyongolotsi (lumbricus terrestris).
• Hirudine: monga chitsanzo cha hirudine timapeza leeches (ex. Hirudo mankhwala), ndi magawo okhazikika, kupezeka kwa mphete zambiri ndi makapu oyamwa.

Gulu la Platyhelminths

Nyongolotsi ndi nyama zathyathyathya dorsoventrally, ndikutsegulira pakamwa ndi maliseche komanso koyambira kapena kosavuta kwamanjenje ndi mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zochokera m'gulu lino la nyama zopanda mafupa zilibe njira yopumira komanso yozungulira.

Agawidwa m'magulu anayi:

• kamvuluvulu: ndi nyama zamoyo zaulere, mpaka 50cm, yokhala ndi khungu lotsekedwa ndi nsidze komanso kutha kukwawa. Amadziwika kuti mapulani (mwachitsanzo. Temnocephala digitata).
• Monogenes: Izi ndi mitundu ya nsomba yokhala ndi majeremusi komanso achule kapena akamba ena. Amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi mayendedwe achindunji, okhala ndi m'modzi yekha (mwachitsanzo. Haliotrema sp.).
• Zovuta: Thupi lawo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba, lodziwika ndi tiziromboti. M'malo mwake, ambiri amakhala ndi endoparasites (Ej. Fasciola hepatica).
• Mabasiketi: okhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe amasiyana ndimakalasi am'mbuyomu, amakhala ndi matupi atali komanso athabwa, opanda cilia mwa akulu komanso osagaya chakudya. Komabe, imakutidwa ndi ma microvilli omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwamkati kapena chophimba chakunja cha nyama (mwachitsanzo. Taenia solium).

Gulu la Nematode

tiziromboti omwe amakhala m'malo am'madzi, amadzi oyera komanso nthaka, kumadera ozizira ndi otentha, ndipo amatha kuwononga nyama ndi zomera zina. Pali mitundu masauzande amtundu wa nematode omwe amadziwika ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, okhala ndi cuticle yosinthasintha komanso kusapezeka kwa cilia ndi flagella.

Gawo lotsatirali limakhazikitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amomwe gululi limayendera ndipo limafanana ndi magulu awiri:

• Adenophorea: Ziwalo zanu zomverera zimakhala zozungulira, zozungulira, kapena zooneka ngati pore. Mkalasi muno titha kupeza mawonekedwe a tiziromboti Trichuris Trichiura.
• Chitetezo: wokhala ndi ziwalo zowonekera kumbuyo ndi cuticle zopangidwa ndimitundu ingapo. Mu gulu ili timapeza mitundu ya majeremusi lumbricoid ascaris.

Gulu la Echinoderms

Ndiwo nyama zam'madzi zomwe sizigawika. Thupi lake ndi lokulungika, lozungulira kapena loboola nyenyezi, lopanda mutu komanso limakhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Ali ndi ma spikes owerengeka, othamangitsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Gulu la invertebrates (phylum) limagawidwa m'magulu awiri: Pelmatozoa (kapu kapena chikho chooneka ngati chikho) ndi eleuterozoans (stellate, discoidal, globular kapena thupi lopangidwa ndi nkhaka).

Pelmatozos

Gulu ili limatanthauzidwa ndi gulu la crinoid komwe timapeza omwe amadziwika kuti maluwa a m'nyanja, ndipo pakati pawo mungatchule mitunduyo Antedon waku Mediterranean, davidaster rubiginosus ndipo Himerometra robustipinna, pakati pa ena.

Zolemba

Mu subphylum yachiwiri iyi pali magulu asanu:

• concentricicloids: yotchedwa daisy daisy (mwachitsanzo. Xyloplax janetae).
• asteroids: kapena nyenyezi zam'nyanja (ex. Pisaster ochraceus).
• Ophiuroides: zomwe zimaphatikizapo njoka zam'nyanja (ex. Ophiocrossota multispina).
• Zofanana: Amadziwika kuti ma urchins (mwachitsanzo Strongylocentrotus franciscanus ndi Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).
• holoturoids: amatchedwanso nkhaka zam'nyanja (mwachitsanzo. holothuria cinerascens ndipo Stichopus chloronotus).

Gulu la Cnidarians

Amadziwika ndi kukhala makamaka m'madzi ndi mitundu yochepa chabe yamadzi amchere. Pali mitundu iwiri yamitundu mwa anthu awa: tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Ali ndi chitinous, limestone kapena protein exoskeleton kapena endoskeleton, yokhala ndi chiwerewere kapena kuberekana ndipo alibe njira yopumira komanso yopumira. Chikhalidwe cha gululi ndi kupezeka kwa maselo oluma zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito poteteza kapena kuukira nyama.

Phylum idagawika m'magulu anayi:

• Hydrozoa: Amakhala ndi moyo wapabanja mchigawo cha polyp komanso chogonana munthawi ya jellyfish, komabe, mitundu ina mwina singakhale ndi gawo limodzi. Ma polyps amapanga magulu okhazikika ndi jellyfish amatha kuyenda momasuka (mwachitsanzo.hydra vulgaris).
• scatuzoa: Kalasiyi imaphatikizanso nsomba zazikulu, zokhala ndi matupi osiyanasiyana komanso makulidwe osiyanasiyana, omwe amakhala ndi gelatinous layer. Gawo lanu la polyp ndilotsika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo. Chrysaora quinquecirrha).
• Cubozoa: ndi mtundu waukulu wa jellyfish, ena amafika kukula kwakukulu. Ndiwo osambira osaka komanso osaka ndipo mitundu ina ya nyama imatha kupha anthu, pomwe ina ili ndi ziphe zochepa. (mwachitsanzo Carybdea marsupialis).
• antozooa: ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati maluwa, popanda gawo la jellyfish. Onse ndi am'madzi, ndipo amatha kukhala pamwamba kapena mozama komanso m'madzi ozizira kapena otentha. Amagawika m'magulu atatu, omwe ndi zoantarios (anemones), ceriantipatarias ndi alcionarios.

Gulu la Porifers

Gulu ili masiponji, omwe mawonekedwe ake akulu ndikuti matupi awo ali ndi ma pores ambiri komanso makina amkati amkati omwe amasakaniza chakudya. Amakhala osalala ndipo amadalira kwambiri madzi oyenda kudzera mwa iwo kuti apeze chakudya ndi mpweya. Alibe minofu yeniyeni motero alibe ziwalo. Amakhala m'madzi okhaokha, makamaka m'madzi, ngakhale pali mitundu ina yomwe imakhala m'madzi oyera. Chinthu china chofunikira ndikuti amapangidwa ndi calcium carbonate kapena silika ndi collagen.

Agawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• miyala yamiyala: omwe ma spikes kapena mayunitsi omwe amapanga mafupa amachokera ku calcareous, ndiko kuti, calcium carbonate (ex. Sycon raphanus).
• Hexactinylides: amatchedwanso vitreous, omwe amakhala ndi mafupa okhwima opangidwa ndi ma spika a silika asanu ndi limodzi (ex. Euplectella aspergillus).
• demosponge: Kalasi momwe pafupifupi 100% yamitundu ya siponji ndi yayikulu ikupezeka, yokhala ndi mitundu yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ma spicule omwe amapangidwa ndi a silika, koma osati amawala asanu ndi limodzi (ex. Xestospongia yoyesera).

Nyama zina zopanda mafupa

Monga tanenera, magulu opanda mafupa ndi ochuluka kwambiri ndipo palinso zina zotchedwa phyla zomwe zimaphatikizidwanso m'gulu la zinyama. Ena mwa iwo ndi awa:

• Placozoa
• Ctenophores
• Chaetognath
• Nemertino
• Gnatostomulid
• Ozungulira
• Zilonda zam'mimba
• Kinorhincos
• Zolemba
• Ma Priapulides
• mafinya
• endoprocts
• kutuloji
• ophunzira
• ectoprocts
• Brachiopods

Monga titha kuwonera, mtundu wa nyama ndiwosiyanasiyana, ndipo popita nthawi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zikupanganso zipitilizabe kukula, zomwe zimatiwonetsanso kuti nyama ndizabwino bwanji.

Ndipo popeza tsopano mukudziwa mtundu wa nyama zamtundu wambiri, magulu awo ndi zitsanzo zosawerengeka za nyama zopanda mafupa, mungakhalenso ndi chidwi ndi kanemayu wonena za nyama zam'madzi zosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi:

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Gulu la nyama zopanda mafupa, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.