Kutengera ziweto - Tanthauzo, mitundu ndi zitsanzo

Zamkati

• Tanthauzo la kutengera zinyama
• Mitundu Yoyeserera Zanyama
• Kutsanzira Mullerian
• Kusakhulupirira
• Kutsanzira kwa Batesian
• Mitundu ina yotsanzira zinyama
• kutsanzira olfactory
• Kutsanzira kwamayimbidwe
• Kubisa kapena kubisa nyama
• Zitsanzo za nyama zomwe zimadzibisa zokha

Nyama zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu ina amasokonezeka ndi malo omwe akukhala kapena ndi zamoyo zina.Ena amatha kusintha kwakanthawi mtundu ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kwambiri kuzipeza ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoseketsa zowonera.

Zojambulajambula ndi ma cryptis ndi njira zofunika kwambiri kuti mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo ipulumuke, ndipo zapangitsa kuti nyama zizikhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri? Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tikuwonetsa zonse za Kutengera ziweto: tanthauzo, mitundu ndi zitsanzo.

Tanthauzo la kutengera zinyama

Timalankhula za kutsanzira pomwe zamoyo zina zimafanana ndi zamoyo zina zomwe sizili zogwirizana mwachindunji. Zotsatira zake, zamoyozi sokoneza adani awo kapena nyama zawo, kuyambitsa kukopa kapena kuyankha kosiya.

Kwa olemba ambiri, kutsanzira ndi ma cryptis ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Cripsis, monga tionera, ndi njira yomwe zamoyo zina zimadzibisa m'malo omwe zimawazungulira, chifukwa cha awo mitundu ndi mitundu ofanana nawo. Timalankhula za utoto wobisika.

Zonsezi zotsanzira komanso ma cryptis ndi njira za kusintha kwa zamoyo ku chilengedwe.

Mitundu Yoyeserera Zanyama

Pali kutsutsana pakati pa asayansi pazokhudza zomwe tinganene kuti ndizotsanzira komanso zomwe sizingatheke. Munkhaniyi, tiwona fayilo ya Mitundu yovuta kwambiri yamatsenga anyama:

• Kutsanzira Mullerian.
• Kutsanzira kwa Batesian.
• Mitundu ina yotsanzira.

Pomaliza, tiwona nyama zina zomwe zimadzibisa m'chilengedwe chifukwa cha utoto wowoneka bwino.

Kutsanzira Mullerian

Kutsanzira kwa Müllerian kumachitika pakakhala mitundu iwiri kapena kupitilira apo mtundu womwewo wa utoto ndi / kapena mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, onsewa ali ndi njira zodzitetezera kwa adani awo, monga mbola, kupezeka kwa poyizoni kapena kukoma kosasangalatsa. Chifukwa cha kutsanzira uku, omwe amakugwirani wamba amaphunzira kuzindikira kachitidwe kameneka ndipo saukira mtundu uliwonse wamtundu womwe uli nawo.

Zotsatira zamatsenga amtunduwu ndizoti zamoyo zonse ziwiri zimakhalabe ndi moyo ndipo amatha kupatsira ana awo chibadwa chawo. Nyamayo imapambananso, chifukwa imatha kudziwa mosavuta mitundu yoopsa.

Zitsanzo za Mullerian Mimicry

Zamoyo zina zomwe zimawonetsa kutengera izi ndi izi:

• Matenda (Order Hymenoptera): Mavu ambiri ndi njuchi zimakhala ndi mitundu yachikaso ndi yakuda, zomwe zimawonetsa mbalame ndi nyama zina zolusa kukhalapo kwa mbola.
• njoka zamakorali (Family Elapidae): Njoka zonse m'banja lino matupi awo adaphimbidwa ndi mphete zofiira ndi zachikaso. Chifukwa chake, zimawonetsa kwa olusa kuti ali ndi poyizoni.

Kusakhulupirira

Monga mukuwonera, nyamazi zili ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri zomwe zimakopa chidwi cha adaniwo, kuwachenjeza za ngozi kapena zoipa. Njirayi imatchedwa aposematism ndipo ndi yosiyana ndi cryptsis, njira yobisalira yomwe tiwona mtsogolo.

Aposmatism ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa nyama.

Kutsanzira kwa Batesian

Zotsanzira za Batesian zimachitika pakakhala mitundu iwiri kapena iwiri aposematic ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri, koma kwenikweni ndi m'modzi yekha amene ali ndi zida zodzitetezera kwa adani. Wina amadziwika kuti mtundu wa copycat.

Zotsatira zakutsanzira kwamtunduwu ndikuti mitundu yotsanzira amadziwika kuti ndi owopsa ndi chilombocho. Komabe, sizowopsa kapena zopanda pake, ndi "zokakamiza" chabe. Izi zimalola kuti zamoyozi zisunge mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito podzitchinjiriza.

Zitsanzo za Batesian Mimicry

Nyama zina zomwe zimawonetsa kutengera uku ndi izi:

• sZinyama (Sirfidae): ntchentchezi zimakhala ndi mitundu yofanana ndi njuchi ndi mavu; choncho, olusa amazindikira kuti ndi oopsa. Komabe, alibe mbola yoti adziteteze.
• miyala yamchere yabodza (anayankhamakona atatu): iyi ndi mtundu wa njoka yopanda poyizoni yokhala ndi mtundu wofanana kwambiri ndi njoka zamakorali (Elapidae), zomwe zilidi zowopsa.

Mitundu ina yotsanzira zinyama

Ngakhale timakonda kuganiza za kutsanzira ngati chinthu chowoneka, pali mitundu ina yambiri yotsanzira, monga zokopa komanso zowerengera.

kutsanzira olfactory

Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chotsanzira modabwitsa ndi maluwa omwe amatulutsa zinthu zonunkhira ofanana kwambiri ndi ma pheromones mu njuchi. Motero, amuna amayandikira duwa poganiza kuti ndi lachikazi, ndipo chifukwa chake amaliyendetsa. Ndi nkhani yamtunduwu Ziwombankhanga (maluwa)

Kutsanzira kwamayimbidwe

Ponena za kutsanzira kwamayimbidwe, chitsanzo ndi acantiza mabokosi (Acanthiza pusilla), mbalame yaku Australia kuti amatsanzira chizindikiro cha mbalame zina. Choncho, ikagwidwa ndi nyama yolusa yapakati, imatsanzira zizindikiro zomwe zamoyo zina zimatulutsa zikagwirizana. Zotsatira zake, mdani wamba amathawa kapena amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti amenye.

Kubisa kapena kubisa nyama

Nyama zina zimakhala nazo mitundu ya utoto kapena zojambula zomwe zimawalola kuti azisakanikirana ndi malo omwe ali. Mwanjira imeneyi, nyama zina sizidziwika. Njirayi imadziwika kuti mtundu wa crypt kapena cryptic.

Mafumu a cryptis, mosakayikira, ndi ma chameleons (banja Chamaeleonidae). Zokwawa izi zimatha kusintha mtundu wa khungu lawo kutengera malo omwe akukhalamo. Amachita izi chifukwa cha ma nanocrystals omwe amalumikizana ndikusiyanitsa, akuwonetsa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Munkhani ina ya PeritoAnimal, mutha kuphunzira momwe chameleon amasinthira mtundu.

Zitsanzo za nyama zomwe zimadzibisa zokha

Chiwerengero cha nyama zomwe zimadzibisa m'chilengedwe chifukwa cha utoto wowerengeka sichidziwika. Nazi zitsanzo:

• Dzombe (Suborder Caelifera): Ndi nyama zomwe nyama zomwe zimawakonda kwambiri, choncho zimakhala ndi mitundu yofanana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe chomwe chimakhalamo.
• Nthiti zachi Moor (Banja la Gekkonidae): zokwawa izi zimadzibisa okha m'miyala ndi m'makoma kudikirira nyama yawo.
• usiku mbalame zodya nyama (Strigiformes order): mbalamezi zimapanga zisa zawo m'mabowo amitengo. Mitundu yawo ndi kapangidwe kake zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuziwona, ngakhale zitabisala.
• kupemphera mantis (Mantodea order): mapemphero ambiri opempherera amaphatikizana ndi malo ozungulira chifukwa cha utoto wobisika. Ena amatsanzira nthambi, masamba komanso maluwa.
• Akangaude a nkhanu (alireza spp.): sinthani mtundu wawo malinga ndi duwa lomwe alimo, ndipo dikirani kuti tizinyamula mungu tiwasake.
• Octopuses (Order Octopoda): monga ma chameleon ndi sepia, amasintha mitundu yawo mwachangu kutengera gawo lomwe amapezeka.
• birch njenjete (Biston betular shopu): ndi nyama zomwe zimadzibisa m'makungwa oyera a mitengo ya birch. Pomwe kusintha kwa mafakitale kudabwera ku England, fumbi lamalasha lidadzala pamitengomo, ndikuisandutsa yakuda. Pachifukwa ichi, agulugufe amderali asintha kukhala akuda.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Kutengera ziweto - Tanthauzo, mitundu ndi zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.