Zamkati
THE primate chisinthiko ndi chiyambi chake zadzetsa mpungwepungwe wambiri komanso malingaliro ambiri kuyambira pomwe maphunziro awa adayamba. Dongosolo lalikululi la nyama, lomwe anthu ndi awo, ndi amodzi mwamawopsezedwa kwambiri ndi anthu.
Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tiphunzira kuti anyani ndi ndani, ndimikhalidwe iti yomwe amawafotokozera, momwe adasinthira ndipo ngati zili chimodzimodzi kunena za anyani ndi anyani. Tidzafotokozera zonse pansipa, pitirizani kuwerenga!
Chiyambi cha nyani
THE chiyambi choyambirira ndizofala kwa aliyense. Mitundu yonse ya anyani yomwe ilipo imagawana mawonekedwe omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi zinyama zina zonse. Nyani zambiri zomwe zilipo kale khalani mumitengo, kotero ali ndi kusintha kwa konkriti komwe kumawalola kuti azikhala moyo womwewo. mapazi anu ndi manja ali kusinthidwa kusuntha pakati pa nthambi. Chala chakumapazi ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi zala zina (kupatulapo munthu), ndipo izi zimawathandiza kuti azigwiritsitsa nthambi. Manja amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe, koma izi zimadalira mitundu, monga chala chachikulu. Alibe zikhadabo zopindika ndi misomali ngati nyama zina zam'madzi, ndizabwino komanso zopanda mfundo.
zala zili nazo chogwirika mapilo ndi ma dermatoglyphs (zolemba zala) zomwe zimawalola kuti zizilumikizana bwino ndi nthambizo, kuwonjezera apo, pazikhatho za manja ndi zala, pali mitsempha yotchedwa Meissner corpuscles, yomwe imapereka chidwi chokhudza kukhudza.Pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka yayandikira miyendo, yomwe ilinso mamembala opambana panthawi yobwerera. Kumbali ina, fupa la chidendene limakhala lalitali kuposa zinyama zina.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'nyani ndi maso. Choyamba, ndi zazikulu kwambiri mokhudzana ndi thupi, ndipo ngati tikulankhula za anyani oyenda usiku, amakhala okulirapo kwambiri, mosiyana ndi nyama zina zakutchire zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina kukhala usiku. Awo maso otchuka ndipo zikuluzikulu zimachitika chifukwa chakupezeka kwa fupa kumbuyo kwa diso, lomwe timatcha orbit.
Kuphatikiza apo, misempha chamawonedwe (limodzi la diso lililonse) silidutsa mkati monse mwaubongo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mitundu ina, momwe chidziwitso cholowera kumaso chakumanja chimakonzedwa kumalire akumanzere aubongo ndipo zomwe zimalowa m'diso lakumanzere zimakonzedwa kumanja kwa ubongo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, m'nyani, zambiri zomwe zimalowa mu diso lililonse zimatha kusinthidwa mbali zonse ziwiri zaubongo, zomwe zimapereka kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwachilengedwe.
Khutu la anyani amadziwikanso ndi mawonekedwe omwe amatchedwa ampulla auditory, opangidwa ndi fupa la tympanic ndi fupa lanyengo, lomwe limakhudza khutu lapakati komanso lamkati. Kumbali inayi, malingaliro owoneka ngati acheperako akuwoneka kuti achepetsedwa, ndikununkhira sikulinso chizindikiro cha gululi la nyama.
Malinga ndi ubongo, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti kukula kwake sikofunikira. Nyani zambiri zimakhala ndi ubongo wocheperako kuposa chiweto chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, ma dolphin amakhala ndi ubongo, poyerekeza ndi matupi awo, wokulirapo ngati anyani anyani. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ubongo ndi anyani ndi mawonekedwe awiri apadera a nyama: the Pakhoma la Sylvia ndi poyambira calcarin.
THE nsagwada ndi mano anyani sanasinthe kwambiri kapena kusintha. Ali ndi mano 36, ma incisors 8, mayini 4, ma premolars 12 ndi ma molars 12.
Mitundu ya anyani
M'magulu a anyani anyani, timapeza magawo awiri: gawo laling'ono "strepsirrhini", omwe ma lemurs ndi ma lorisiforms ndi awo, komanso suborder "Haplorrhini", zomwe zimaphatikizapo tarsiers ndi anyani.
kutchfuneralhome
Ma Strepshyrins amadziwika kuti anyani anyani onyowa, fungo lanu silinathebe ndipo limakhalabe chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Gulu ili limaphatikizapo ma lemurs, okhala pachilumba cha Madagascar. Amatchuka chifukwa cha mawu awo amawu, maso awo akulu komanso zizolowezi zawo zakusiku. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 100 ya lemurs, kuphatikiza mandimu chita kapena lemur wa mchira, ndi alaothra lemur, kapena Hapalemur alaotrensis.
gulu lina la kutchfuneralhome iwo ndi loris, ofanana kwambiri ndi ma lemurs, koma okhala m'malo ena padziko lapansi. Mwa mitundu yake timayang'ana galimoto ofiira ofiira (loris tardigradus), mitundu yowopsa kwambiri yochokera ku Sri Lanka, kapena galimoto pang'onopang'ono wa Bengal (Nycticebus bengalensis).
kutchfuneralhome
Halplorrine ali anyani anyani osavuta, anataya gawo la kuthekera kwawo konyentchera. Gulu lofunikira kwambiri ndi tarsiers. Anyaniwa amakhala ku Indonesia ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi ziwanda chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo. Mwa zizolowezi zausiku, ali ndi maso akulu kwambiri, zala zazitali kwambiri komanso thupi laling'ono. magulu onse awiri kutchfuneralhome ndi tarsiers amaonedwa kuti ndi osalakwa.
Gulu lachiwiri la haplorrhine ndi anyani, ndipo amagawika nyani ku New World, anyani a Old World, ndi hominids.
- anyani dziko latsopano: anyani onsewa amakhala ku Central ndi South America Chikhalidwe chawo chachikulu ndikuti ali ndi mchira woyaka. Pakati pawo timapeza anyani olira (genus Alouatta), anyani oyenda usiku (mtundu Aotus) ndi anyani a kangaude (genus Atheles).
- anyani akale apadziko lonse: anyaniwa amakhala ku Africa ndi Asia. Ndi anyani opanda mchira, womwe umatchedwanso ma catarrhines chifukwa amakhala ndi mphuno pansi, komanso ali ndi zotchingira matako. Gulu ili limapangidwa ndi anyani (genus Makhalidwe), anyani (mtundu nyani), ma cercopithecines (mtundu Cercopitheko) ndi colobus (genus colobus).
- zopweteka: ndi anyani opanda mchira, komanso catarrhine. Munthuyo ndi wa gulu ili, lomwe amagawana nawo ma gorilla (genus gorilla), chimpanzi (mtundu poto), bonobos (mtundu poto) ndi orangutan (genus Pong).
Mukusangalatsidwa ndi anyani omwe sianthu? Onaninso: Mitundu ya anyani
primate chisinthiko
Pa primate chisinthiko, zokwiriridwa zakale zogwirizana kwambiri ndi anyani amakono kapena anyani kuyambira malemu Eocene (pafupifupi zaka 55 miliyoni zapitazo). Kumayambiriro kwa Miocene (zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo), mitundu yofanana kwambiri ndi lero idayamba kuwonekera. Pali gulu mkati mwa anyani lotchedwa plesiadapiform kapena zachikale, anyani a Paleocene (zaka 65 - 55 miliyoni) zomwe zimawonetsa mtundu wina wa anyani, ngakhale nyamazi pano zimawerengedwa kuti zasokonekera zisanachitike nyani ndipo pambuyo pake zidatha, ndiye kuti sizingakhale zogwirizana nawo.
Malinga ndi zakale zakufa, anyani oyamba Odziwika amasinthidwa kukhala moyo wam'mapiri ndipo ali ndizambiri zomwe zimasiyanitsa gululi, monga chigaza, mano ndi mafupa ambiri. Zinthu zakale izi zapezeka ku North America, Europe ndi Asia.
Zakale zoyambirira zochokera ku Middle Eocene zidapezeka ku China ndipo zikufanana ndi achibale oyamba anyani (Eosimians), omwe tsopano adatha. Zolemba zakale za mabanja omwe adatha Adapidae ndi Omomyidae pambuyo pake zidadziwika ku Egypt.
Zolemba zakale zimalemba magulu onse anyani anyani, kupatula lemur ya ku Malagasy, yomwe ilibe zolembedwa zakale za makolo ake. Mbali inayi, pali zakale kuchokera ku gulu la alongo ake, ma lorisiformes. Zotsalirazi zidapezeka ku Kenya ndipo zili ndi zaka pafupifupi 20 miliyoni, ngakhale zatsopano zapezeka kuti zidalipo zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo. Chifukwa chake, tikudziwa kuti ma lemurs ndi ma lorisiformes adasiyana zaka zopitilira 40 miliyoni ndikupanga kagawo kakang'ono ka anyani otchedwa strepsirrhines.
Mitundu ina ya anyani, ma haplorrhines, idapezeka ku China ku Middle Eocene, ndi tarsiiformes infraorder. Ma infraorder ena, anyani, adawonekera zaka 30 miliyoni ku Oligocene.
O kutuluka kwa mtundu wa Homo, komwe munthu adakhalako, zidachitika zaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo ku Africa. Liti bipedalism idawonekera sichikudziwika bwinobwino. Pali zotsalira za ku Kenya zomwe zimangotsala ndi mafupa atali ochepa omwe angatanthauze kuthekera kwina kokokota. Fossil yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya bipedalism ikuchokera zaka 3.4 miliyoni zapitazo, kale lakale lodziwika bwino la Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis).
Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa anyani, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.