Kuyezetsa nyama - Ndi chiyani, mitundu ndi njira zina

Zamkati

• Kuyesa kwanyama ndi chiyani
• Mitundu Yoyesera Zanyama
• Mbiri yakuyezetsa nyama
• Kuyamba kuyesa nyama
• zaka zapakati
• Kusintha mpaka M'badwo Wamakono
• M'badwo Wamakono
• Njira Zina Zoyesera Zinyama
• Ubwino ndi Kuipa Kwakuyesa Kwanyama

Kuyesa zinyama ndi nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri, ndipo ngati tifufuza pang'ono m'mbiri yaposachedwa, tiwona kuti sizatsopano. Ilipo pamasayansi, ndale komanso chikhalidwe.

Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chisamaliro chazinyama chakhala chikukambilana, osati nyama zantchito zokha, komanso nyama zoweta kapena zoweta.

Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tikambirana mwachidule mbiri yokhudza kuyesa nyama kuyambira ndi tanthauzo lake, the mitundu ya kuyesa nyama alipo ndi njira zina zotheka.

Kuyesa kwanyama ndi chiyani

Kuyesa kwanyama ndizoyesera zochitidwa kuchokera pa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yazinyama pazinthu zasayansi, amene cholinga chawo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokulitsa ndikusintha miyoyo ya anthu ndi nyama zina, monga ziweto kapena ziweto.

kufufuza nyama ndilololedwa pakupanga mankhwala atsopano kapena mankhwala omwe adzagwiritsidwe ntchito mwa anthu, malinga ndi Nuremberg Code, pambuyo pa nkhanza zomwe zidachitika ndi anthu pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Malinga ndi Kulengeza kwa Helsinki, Kafukufuku wa zamankhwala mwa anthu "ayenera kutengera kuyesedwa koyeserera kwa ma labotale komanso kuyesa nyama".

Mitundu Yoyesera Zanyama

Pali mitundu yambiri yoyesera nyama, yomwe imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kafukufuku:

• Kafukufuku wazakudya: Kuphunzira za majini omwe ali ndi chidwi cha agronomic ndikukula kwazomera kapena nyama.
• Mankhwala ndi Chowona Zanyama: Kupeza matenda, kupanga katemera, chithandizo cha matenda ndi machiritso, ndi zina zambiri.
• Ukadaulo: kupanga mapuloteni, biosafety, ndi zina zambiri.
• Chilengedwe: kusanthula ndikuzindikira zoyipitsa, chitetezo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, maphunziro osamukira, maphunziro a kubala, ndi zina zambiri.
• majeremusi: kusanthula kapangidwe ka majini ndi magwiridwe antchito, kupangidwa kwa mabanki a genomic, kupanga mitundu yazinyama zamatenda amunthu, ndi zina zambiri.
• Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo: biomedical engineering for diagnostical, xenotransplantation (kupanga ziwalo mu nkhumba ndi anyani osanjikiza mwa anthu), kupanga mankhwala atsopano, poizoni, ndi zina zambiri.
• Chidziwitso: maphunziro owonjezeka a chotupa, kupanga zotupa zatsopano, metastases, kuneneratu zotupa, ndi zina zambiri.
• Matenda opatsirana: kuphunzira za matenda a bakiteriya, maantibayotiki kukana, maphunziro a matenda amtundu (hepatitis, myxomatosis, HIV ...), parasitic (Leishmania, malaria, filariasis ...).
• sayansi: Kafukufuku wamatenda a neurodegenerative (Alzheimer), kuphunzira kwa minofu yamanjenje, njira zopweteka, kupanga njira zatsopano zamankhwala, ndi zina zambiri.
• Matenda amtima: matenda amtima, matenda oopsa, ndi zina.

Mbiri yakuyezetsa nyama

Kugwiritsa ntchito nyama poyesa sizomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, njirazi zakhala zikuchitidwa kwanthawi yayitali. isanafike Greece wakale, makamaka, kuyambira Prehistory, ndi umboni wa izi ndizojambula zamkati mwa nyama zomwe zitha kuwonedwa m'mapanga, zopangidwa ndi anthu akale. alireza.

Kuyamba kuyesa nyama

Wofufuza woyamba kugwira ntchito ndi kuyesa nyama komwe kwalembedwa anali Alcman wa Crotona, yomwe mu 450 BC idadula mitsempha yamawonedwe, ndikupangitsa khungu la nyama. Zitsanzo zina za oyesa koyambirira ndi Alexandria Herophilus (330-250 BC) yemwe adawonetsa kusiyana magwiridwe antchito pakati pa mitsempha ndi ma tendon ogwiritsa ntchito nyama, kapena galen (AD 130-210) omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodula, osangowonetsa ziwalo zina, komanso magwiridwe ake.

zaka zapakati

Middle Ages ikuyimira kubwerera m'mbuyo kwasayansi pazifukwa zitatu zazikulu, malinga ndi olemba mbiri:

1. Kugwa kwa Ufumu Wakumadzulo kwa Roma komanso kusowa kwazidziwitso kunathandizidwa ndi Agiriki.
2. Kulandidwa kwa akunja ochokera kumafuko osatukuka kwambiri aku Asia.
3. Kukula kwa Chikhristu, komwe sikudakhulupirira mfundo za thupi, koma zauzimu.

THE kufika kwa chisilamu ku Europe sizinathandize kuwonjezera chidziwitso cha zamankhwala, popeza zinali zotsutsana ndi kuwunikira ndi kuwunikira, koma chifukwa cha iwo zonse zomwe zidatayika kuchokera ku Agiriki zidapezekanso.

M'zaka za zana lachinayi, panali chipatuko mkati mwa Chikhristu ku Byzantium chomwe chidapangitsa kuti anthu ena athamangitsidwe. Anthu awa adakhazikika ku Persia ndikupanga sukulu yoyamba ya zamankhwala. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, Persia idalandidwa ndi Aluya ndipo adayika chidziwitso chonse, ndikuchifalitsa kudera lomwe adagonjetsa.

Komanso ku Persia, m'zaka za 10th, dokotala komanso wofufuza adabadwa Ibn Sina, wotchedwa Kumadzulo monga Avicenna. Asanakwanitse zaka 20, adafalitsa mabuku opitilira 20 pamasayansi onse odziwika, momwe, mwachitsanzo, limodzi la momwe angapangire tracheostomy.

Kusintha mpaka M'badwo Wamakono

Pambuyo pake m'mbiri, munthawi ya Kubadwanso kwatsopano, kuchita ma autopsies kudalimbikitsa chidziwitso cha umunthu wamunthu. Ku England, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) m'malemba ake pazoyeserera adafotokoza amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito nyama popititsa patsogolo sayansi. Nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza ena ambiri akuwoneka kuti akugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Bacon.

Kumbali inayi, Carlo Ruini (1530 - 1598), katswiri wazowona zanyama, wazamalamulo komanso wopanga mapulani, adawonetsera mawonekedwe ndi mafupa a kavaloyo, komanso momwe angachiritsire matenda ena a ziwetozi.

Mu 1665, Richard Lower (1631-1691) adachita magazi oyamba pakati pa agalu. Pambuyo pake adayesera kuthira magazi kuchokera kwa galu kupita kwa munthu, koma zotsatira zake zidamupha.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) adawonetsa, pogwiritsa ntchito nyama, kuti mpweya ndikofunikira pamoyo.

M'zaka za zana la 18, kuyesa nyama yawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo malingaliro oyamba otsutsana adayamba kuwonekera ndipo kuzindikira za ululu ndi kuzunzika zanyama. A Henri Duhamel Dumenceau (1700-1782) adalemba nkhani yokhudza kuyesa nyama poyang'ana pamakhalidwe abwino, pomwe adati: "Tsiku lililonse nyama zambiri zimafa kuti zithetse kukhumba kwathu kuposa zomwe zimaphedwa ndi scalpel ya anatomical, kuposa zomwe zimachita ndi cholinga chothandiza kutetezera thanzi komanso kuchiritsa matenda ". Kumbali ina, mu 1760, James Ferguson adapanga Njira Yoyamba Yogwiritsa Ntchito Nyama poyesa.

M'badwo Wamakono

M'zaka za zana la 19, zotulukapo zazikulu kwambiri mankhwala amakono poyesa nyama:

• Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) adapanga katemera wa anthrax mu nkhosa, kolera mu nkhuku, ndi chiwewe ku agalu.
• Robert Koch (1842 - 1919) adapeza mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa chifuwa chachikulu.
• Paul Erlich (1854 - 1919) adaphunzira za meningitis ndi syphilis, pokhala wopititsa patsogolo maphunziro a immunology.

Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 20, ndikubwera kwa mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi, panali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pa zamankhwala ndi kuvutika pang'ono nyama. Komanso m'zaka za zana lino, malamulo oyamba kuteteza ziweto, ziweto ndi kuyesera adatuluka:

• 1966. Lamulo la Chitetezo cha Zinyama, ku United States of America.
• 1976. Nkhanza Zanyama, ku England.
• 1978. Kuyeserera kwabwino kwa labotale (yotulutsidwa ndi Food and Drug Administration FDA) ku United States of America.
• 1978. Mfundo Zamakhalidwe Abwino ndi Ndondomeko Zoyeserera Sayansi Yanyama, ku Switzerland.

Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu, komwe kudayamba kutsutsana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyama mdera lililonse, kunali kofunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka kuteteza nyama, pachilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ku Europe, malamulo, malamulo ndi misonkhano zotsatirazi zidakhazikitsidwa:

• European Convention on the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific zolinga (Strasbourg, 18 Marichi 1986).
• Novembala 24, 1986, Council of Europe idasindikiza chilinganizo chakuyerekeza kwamalamulo, oyang'anira ndi oyang'anira mayiko omwe ali m'Malamulo okhudza kuteteza nyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kapena zina zasayansi.
• DIRECTIVE 2010/63 / EU WA PALAMENTE YA KU ULAYA NDI YA BUNGWE la 22 Seputembara 2010 pachitetezo cha nyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazasayansi.

Ku Brazil, lamulo lalikulu lokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito nyama mwasayansi ndi Lamulo No. 11.794ya Okutobala 8, 2008, yomwe idachotsa Lamulo No. 6,638, la Meyi 8, 1979.^[1]

Njira Zina Zoyesera Zinyama

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zoyeserera nyama sizitanthauza, poyambapo, kuthetsa njirazi. Njira zina zoyesera zinyama zidayamba mu 1959, pomwe a Russell ndi Burch adapereka lingaliro ma R 3: kusintha, kuchepetsa ndi kukonza.

Pa m'malo mwake kuyesa nyama ndi njira zomwe zimalowetsa m'malo mwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyama zamoyo. Russell ndi Burch adasiyanitsa pakati pa zolowa m'malo, momwe nyama yamtunduwu imaperekedwa nsembe kuti muthe kugwira ntchito ndi ma cell anu, ziwalo kapena ziwalo, ndikusinthiratu, komwe mafupa am'thupi amalowedwa m'malo ndi zikhalidwe zamaselo amunthu, mafupa opanda mafupa ndi ziwalo zina.

Ponena za mpaka kuchepa, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kusalinganiza koyesa bwino komanso kusanthula molakwika ziwerengero kumayambitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwa nyama, ndikuwononga miyoyo yawo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chilichonse. ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zochepa momwe zingathere, choncho komiti yamakhalidwe abwino iyenera kuwunika ngati kapangidwe koyeserera ndi ziwerengero za nyama zomwe zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndizolondola. Komanso, onani ngati zinyama zosakwanira kapena mazira angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Kukonzanso kwamaluso kumapangitsa ululu womwe nyama imatha kuvutika pang'ono kapena kusakhalapo. Chitetezo cha ziweto chiyenera kusamaliridwa koposa zonse. Pasapezeke zovuta zakuthupi, zamaganizidwe kapena zachilengedwe. Za ichi, mankhwala oletsa ululu ndi opewetsa ululu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito munjira zomwe zingachitike, ndipo payenera kukhala kupindulitsa kwanyumba yanyama, kuti athe kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chake.

Mvetsetsani bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chopindulitsa m'nkhani yomwe tidachita pakupindulitsa amphaka. Mu kanemayu pansipa, mutha kupeza malangizo amomwe mungasamalire fayilo ya hamster, yomwe mwatsoka ndi imodzi mwazinyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ma labotale padziko lapansi. Anthu ambiri amatenga nyamayo ngati chiweto:

Ubwino ndi Kuipa Kwakuyesa Kwanyama

Chosavuta chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito nyama poyesera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni nyama, zomwe zingawonongeke iwo komanso kupweteka kwakuthupi ndi kwamatsenga ndani angavutike. Kutaya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu kwa nyama zoyeserera sikutheka pakadali pano, kotero kupita patsogolo kuyenera kulunjika pakuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndikuphatikiza ndi njira zina monga mapulogalamu apakompyuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu, komanso kulipiritsa omwe amapanga mfundo kukhwimitsa lamuloli yomwe imayang'anira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nyama izi, kuphatikiza pakupitiliza kupanga makomiti owonetsetsa kuti nyama izi zikuyang'aniridwa moyenera ndikuletsa njira zopweteka kapena kubwereza zoyeserera zomwe zachitika kale.

Zinyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi awo kufanana ndi anthu. Matenda omwe timadwala amafanana kwambiri ndi awo, chifukwa chake zonse zomwe tidaphunzira tidazigwiritsanso ntchito kuchipatala cha ziweto. Kupita patsogolo konse kwachipatala ndi zamatera sikukanatheka (mwatsoka) popanda nyama izi. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kupitiliza kuyika magulu m'magulu asayansi omwe amalimbikitsa kutha, mtsogolomo, kuyesa nyama ndipo pakadali pano, kupitilizabe kumenyera ziweto za labotale musavutike kalikonse.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Kuyezetsa nyama - Ndi chiyani, mitundu ndi njira zina, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.