Mitundu ya Ma Dinosaurs Owonongeka

Mlembi: Peter Berry
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 12 Kulayi 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 14 Novembala 2024
Anonim
Mitundu ya Ma Dinosaurs Owonongeka - Ziweto
Mitundu ya Ma Dinosaurs Owonongeka - Ziweto

Zamkati

Mawu "dinosaur"chimachokera ku Chilatini ndipo ndi neologism yomwe idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wolemba mbiri yakale Richard Owen, kuphatikiza mawu achi Greek"madokotala"(zoopsa) ndi"ziphuphu"(buluzi), ndiye tanthauzo lake lenileni lingakhale"buluzi wowopsa"Dzinalo limakwanira ngati gulovu tikamaganiza za Jurassic Park, sichoncho?

Abuluziwa adalamulira dziko lonse lapansi ndipo anali pamwamba pa chakudya, komwe adakhala nthawi yayitali, mpaka kutha kwakukulu komwe kunachitika padziko lapansi zaka zoposa 65 miliyoni zapitazo.[1]. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za a saurians omwe amakhala padziko lathuli, mwapeza nkhani yoyenera ya PeritoAnimal, tidzakusonyezani mitundu ya ma dinosaurs odyetsa Chofunika kwambiri, komanso yanu mayina, mawonekedwe ndi zithunzi. Pitilizani kuwerenga!


Nthawi ya Mesozoic: M'badwo wa Dinosaurs

Kulamulira kwa ma dinosaurs odyetsa komanso odyetsa zidatenga zaka zopitilira 170 miliyoni ndikuyamba ambiri a Nthawi ya Mesozoic, kuyambira zaka -252.2 miliyoni mpaka -66.0 miliyoni. Mesozoic idatenga zaka zopitilira 186.2 miliyoni ndipo ili ndi nthawi zitatu.

Nthawi Zitatu za Mesozoic

  1. Nthawi ya Triassic (pakati pa -252.17 ndi 201.3 MA) ndi nthawi yomwe idatenga zaka 50.9 miliyoni. Apa ndiye kuti ma dinosaurs adayamba kukula. Triassic imagawidwanso m'magawo atatu (Lower, Middle ndi Upper Triassic) yomwe imagawidwanso m'magulu asanu ndi awiri.
  2. Nthawi ya Jurassic (pakati pa 201.3 ndi 145.0 MA) imaphatikizidwanso nthawi zitatu (m'munsi, pakati ndi kumtunda kwa Jurassic). Jurassic wapamwamba wagawika magawo atatu, Jurassic wapakati m'magulu anayi ndipo wotsikirayo m'magulu anayi.
  3. Nyengo ya Cretaceous (pakati pa 145.0 ndi 66.0 MA) ndi nthawi yomwe imawonetsera kusowa kwa ma dinosaurs ndi ma ammonite (cephalopod molluscs) omwe amakhala padziko lapansi nthawi imeneyo. Komabe, nchiyani chomwe chinathetsa moyo wa ma dinosaurs? Pali malingaliro awiri akulu pazomwe zidachitika: nyengo yaziphulika komanso zakuthambo za dziko lapansi motsutsana ndi Dziko Lapansi[1]. Mulimonsemo, amakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi linakutidwa ndi mitambo yambiri yomwe ikadaphimba mlengalenga ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, ngakhale kutha kwa ma dinosaurs. Nthawi yayikuluyi imagawika awiri, Lower Cretaceous ndi Upper Cretaceous. Nawonso magawo awiriwa agawika magawo asanu ndi limodzi. Dziwani zambiri zakutha kwa ma dinosaurs munkhaniyi yomwe ikufotokoza momwe ma dinosaurs adatayika.

Mfundo zosangalatsa za 5 za nthawi ya Mesozoic zomwe muyenera kudziwa

Tsopano popeza mwakhala muli panthawiyi, mutha kukhala ndi chidwi chodziwa zambiri za Mesozoic, nthawi yomwe ma saurian akuluakuluwa amakhala, kuti mudziwe zambiri za mbiri yawo:


  1. Kalelo, makontinenti sanali monga momwe timawadziwira lero. Dzikolo lidapanga kontinenti imodzi yotchedwa "pangea". Triassic itayamba, Pangea adagawika m'makontinenti awiri:" Laurasia "ndi" Gondwana ". Laurasia adapanga North America ndi Eurasia kenako, Gondwana adapanga South America, Africa, Australia ndi Antarctica. Zonsezi zidachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri.
  2. Nyengo ya nyengo ya Mesozoic idadziwika ndi kufanana kwake. Kafukufuku wazakale zakale akuwonetsa kuti dziko lapansi lagawanika muli ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana: mitengoyo, yomwe inali ndi chipale chofewa, zomera zochepa komanso mayiko akumapiri komanso madera otentha.
  3. Nthawi imeneyi imatha ndikutulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri wa carbon dioxide, chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira kusintha kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe. Zomera sizinasangalale kwenikweni, pomwe ma cycads ndi ma conifers adakula. Pazifukwa izi, amadziwikanso kuti "Zaka za Cycads’.
  4. Nyengo ya Mesozoic imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a dinosaurs, koma kodi mumadziwa kuti mbalame ndi zinyama zinayambanso kukula panthawiyo? Ndizowona! Panthawiyo, makolo akale a nyama zina zomwe tikudziwa lero adalipo kale ndipo amawonedwa ngati chakudya ndi ma dinosaurs.
  5. Kodi mukuganiza kuti Jurassic Park ikadakhalakodi? Ngakhale akatswiri ambiri a zamoyo ndi akatswiri amakonda izi, chowonadi ndichakuti kafukufuku wofalitsidwa ku The Royal Society Publishing akuwonetsa kuti ndizosagwirizana kupeza zinthu zosasinthika, chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga chilengedwe, kutentha, kapangidwe ka nthaka kapena chaka .kufa kwa nyama, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala za DNA. Zitha kuchitidwa ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zidasungidwa m'malo ozizira osapitilira miliyoni miliyoni.

Dziwani zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma dinosaurs yomwe idalipo m'nkhaniyi.


Zitsanzo za Ma Dinosaurs Owonongeka

Yakwana nthawi yoti akomane ndiomwe akutsogolera: ma dinosaurs odyetsa. Ma dinosaurswa amadyetsa zomera ndi zitsamba zokha, masamba ndi chakudya chawo. Amagawika m'magulu awiri, "ma sauropods", omwe amayenda pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo inayi, ndi "ornithopods", omwe adasunthira m'miyendo iwiri ndipo pambuyo pake adasinthika kukhala mitundu ina ya moyo. Dziwani mndandanda wathunthu wamaina odyetsa a dinosaur, ang'ono ndi akulu:

Mayina Odyera Odabwitsa a Dinosaur

  • brachiosaurus
  • Diplodocus
  • Stegosaurus
  • Zamgululi
  • Ma protoceratops
  • Patagotitan
  • apatosaurus
  • Camarasurus
  • brontosaurus
  • Cetiosaurus
  • Styracosaurus
  • alirezatalischi
  • Gigantspinosaurus
  • Lusotitan
  • Mamenchisaurus
  • Stegosaurus
  • Spinophorosaurus
  • Corythosaurus
  • dacentrurus
  • Ankylosaurus
  • Gallimimus
  • Parasaurolophus
  • Euoplocephalus
  • Pachycephalosaurus
  • Shantungosaurus

Mukudziwa kale mayina ena a ma dinosaurs odziwika bwino omwe amakhala padziko lapansi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Kodi mukufuna kudziwa zambiri? Pitilizani kuwerenga chifukwa tikukuwuzani, mwatsatanetsatane, 6 ma dinosaurs odyetsa maina ndi zithunzi kotero mutha kuphunzira kuwazindikira. Tidzafotokozanso mawonekedwe ndi zina zosangalatsa za iliyonse ya izi.

1. Brachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus)

Timayamba ndikuwonetsa imodzi mwama dinosaurs odziwika bwino kwambiri omwe sanakhaleko, Brachiosaurus. Dziwani zambiri za etymology yake ndi mawonekedwe ake:

Brachiosaurus Etymology

Dzinalo brachiosaurus inakhazikitsidwa ndi Elmer Samuel Riggs kuchokera m'mawu achi Greek "gulu lankhondo"(mkono) ndi"nsomba"(lizard), lomwe lingamasuliridwe kuti"mkono wa buluzi"Ndi mtundu wa dinosaur wa m'gulu la sauropods saurischia.

Ma dinosaurs awa amakhala padziko lapansi kwa nthawi ziwiri, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Jurassic mpaka pakati pa Cretaceous, kuyambira 161 mpaka 145 AD Brachiosaurus ndi amodzi mwamadinosaurs odziwika kwambiri, chifukwa chake amawoneka m'makanema ngati Jurassic Park ndipo pazifukwa zomveka: anali imodzi mwama dinosaurs odziwika bwino kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a Brachiosaurus

Brachiosaurus mwina ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi zomwe zidakhalako padziko lapansi. anali pafupi 26 mita kutalika, Kutalika mamita 12 ndipo ankalemera matani 32 mpaka 50. Chinali ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri, lopangidwa ndi mafupa olimba 12, lililonse lokwanira masentimita 70.

Ndizomwezi zomwe zadzetsa mkangano pakati pa akatswiri, monga ena amanenera kuti sakanatha kuyendetsa khosi lake lalitali, chifukwa cha zoumba zazing'ono zomwe anali nazo. Komanso, kuthamanga kwa magazi kwanu kumayenera kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuti athe kupopera magazi kuubongo wanu. Thupi lake limalola khosi lake kusunthira kumanzere ndi kumanja, komanso kukwera ndi kutsika, kumamupatsa kutalika kwa nyumba yansanjika zinayi.

Brachiosaurus anali dinosaur wodabwitsa yemwe amati amadyetsa pamwamba pa ma cycads, conifers ndi ferns.Anali wodya mopambanitsa, popeza amayenera kudya chakudya pafupifupi makilogalamu 1,500 patsiku kuti akhalebe ndi mphamvu. Akukayikira kuti nyamayi inali yochezeka ndipo imayenda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kulola achikulire kuteteza nyama zazing'ono kuzinyama zazikulu monga theropods.

2.Diplodocus (Diplodocus)

Kutsatira nkhani yathu yokhudza ma dinosaurs odyetsa omwe ali ndi mayina ndi zithunzi, tikupereka Diplodocus, m'modzi mwa ma dinosaurs odziwika bwino kwambiri:

Etymology ya Diplodocus

Othniel Charles Marsh mu 1878 adatcha Diplodocus atazindikira kupezeka kwa mafupa omwe amatchedwa "hemaic arches" kapena "chevron". Mafupa ang'onoang'onowa adalola kuti pakhale fupa lalitali pansi pamchira. M'malo mwake, ili ndi dzina potengera izi, chifukwa dzina loti diplodocus ndi Latin neologism lochokera ku Greek, "diploos" (kawiri) ndi "dokos" (beam). Mwanjira ina, "mtanda awiri"Mafupa ang'onoang'onowa adapezeka m'ma dinosaurs ena, komabe, dzinali latsalirabe mpaka pano. Diplodocus idakhala padziko lapansi nthawi ya Jurassic, komwe tsopano kungakhale kumadzulo kwa North America.

Mawonekedwe a Diplodocus

Diplodocus anali cholengedwa chachikulu chamiyendo inayi chokhala ndi khosi lalitali chomwe chinali chosavuta kuzindikira, makamaka chifukwa cha mchira wake wautali wooneka ngati chikwapu. Miyendo yakutsogolo inali yayifupi pang'ono kuposa yakumbuyo, ndichifukwa chake, patali, imatha kuwoneka ngati mlatho woyimitsa. anali pafupi 35 mita kutalika.

Diplodocus inali ndi mutu wawung'ono poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi lomwe limakhala pakhosi la mamitala opitilira 6 kutalika, wopangidwa ndi ma vertebrae 15. Tsopano akuti akuti amayenera kusungidwa moyandikana ndi nthaka, chifukwa sinathe kuyikweza kwambiri.

kulemera kwake kunali pafupifupi matani 30 mpaka 50, yomwe mwina inali chifukwa cha kutalika kwa mchira wake, wopangidwa ndi ma vertebrae 80, omwe amawalola kuti athe kufanana ndi khosi lake lalitali kwambiri. Diplodoco amangodya udzu, zitsamba zazing'ono ndi masamba amitengo.

3. Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus)

Ndikutembenuka kwa Stegosaurus, imodzi mwadinosaurs odziwika bwino kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osaneneka.

Stegosaurus Etymology

Dzinalo Stegosaurusanapatsidwa ndi Othniel Charles Marsh mu 1877 ndipo amachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti "alireza"(kudenga) ndi"ziphuphu"(buluzi) kuti tanthauzo lake lenileni likhale"buluzi wophimbidwa"kapena"buluzi wamatabwa". Marsh akadatchulanso stegosaurus"zida"(wokhala ndi zida), zomwe zitha kuwonjezera tanthauzo lina ku dzina lake, kukhala"buluzi wonyamula zida". Dinosaur uyu anakhala ndi moyo mu 155 AD ndipo akadakhala m'maiko aku United States ndi Portugal nthawi ya Upper Jurassic.

Makhalidwe a Stegosaurus

stegosaurus anali nayo Mamita 9 kutalika, mita 4 kutalika ndipo amayeza pafupifupi matani 6. Ndi imodzi mwama dinosaurs odziwika bwino kwambiri a ana, omwe amadziwika bwino chifukwa chawo mizere iwiri ya mbale za mafupa zomwe zimagona pamsana panu. Kuphatikiza apo, mchira wake unali ndi mbale zina ziwiri zodzitchinjiriza zazitali pafupifupi 60 cm. Mbale zodziwika bwinozi sizinangothandiza podzitchinjiriza, akuganiza kuti amathandizanso kusintha thupi lanu kuti lizitentha kwambiri.

Stegosaurus anali ndi miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo yayifupi kuposa yakumbuyo, yomwe imawoneka bwino, kuwonetsa chigaza pafupi kwambiri ndi mchira. Panalinso fayilo ya mtundu wa "mlomo" inali ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, omwe anali kumbuyo kwa mkamwa, othandiza kutafuna.

4. Triceratops (Triceratops)

Kodi mukufuna kupitiliza kuphunzira za zitsanzo za herbivorous dinosaur? Dziwani zambiri za Triceratops, m'modzi mwa achifwamba odziwika bwino omwe amakhala padziko lapansi komanso yemwenso ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri ku Mesozoic:

Triceratops Etymology

Teremuyo Zamgululi amachokera ku mawu achi Greek "katatu"(atatu)"makamera"(nyanga) ndi"oops"(nkhope), koma dzina lake litanthauza"mutu nyundo". Triceratops adakhala nthawi ya maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous, AD 68 mpaka 66, m'dera lomwe pano limadziwika kuti North America. Ndi imodzi mwama dinosaurs omwe adazindikira kutha kwa mtundu uwu. Ndiimodzi mwa ma dinosaurs omwe amakhala ndi Tyrannosaurus Rex, omwe adalanda. Titha kupeza zokwanira zokwana 47 zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira kapena zochepa, tikukutsimikizirani kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zapezeka ku North America panthawiyi.

Makhalidwe a Triceratops

Amakhulupirira kuti a Triceratops anali pakati 7 ndi 10 mita kutalika, pakati pa 3.5 ndi 4 mita kutalika ndikulemera pakati pa 5 ndi 10 matani. Choyimira kwambiri cha Triceratops mosakayikira ndi chigaza chake chachikulu, chomwe chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chigaza chachikulu kuposa nyama zonse zapansi. Chinali chachikulu kwambiri moti chinkaimira pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a utali wa nyamayo.

Zinali zosavuta kuzindikira chifukwa chake nyanga zitatu, imodzi pa bevel ndi imodzi pamwamba pa diso lililonse. Yaikulu kwambiri imatha kufika mita imodzi. Pomaliza, ziyenera kudziwika kuti khungu la Triceratops linali losiyana ndi khungu la ma dinosaurs ena, monga momwe kafukufuku wina akuwonetsera yokutidwa ndi ubweya.

5. Ma protoceratops

Protoceratops ndi amodzi mwa ma dinosaurs ochepa kwambiri omwe timawonetsa pamndandandawu komanso komwe adachokera ku Asia. Dziwani zambiri za izi:

Etymology ya Protoceratops

Dzinalo Ma protoceratops amachokera ku Chigriki ndipo amapangidwa ndi mawu oti "kutulutsa"(woyamba),"cerat"(nyanga) ndi"oops"(nkhope), chifukwa chake zikutanthauza"mutu woyamba wamanyanga". Dinosaur uyu amakhala padziko lapansi pakati pa AD 84 ndi 72, makamaka mayiko omwe ali ndi masiku ano a Mongolia ndi China. Ndi amodzi mwamadinosa akale kwambiri okhala ndi nyanga ndipo mwina ndi kholo la ena ambiri.

Mu 1971 zakale zakale zidapezeka ku Mongolia: Velociraptor yomwe idakumbatira Protoceratops. Lingaliro la izi ndi loti onse ayenera kuti adamwalira akumenya nkhondo pomwe mvula yamkuntho kapena dune ikawagwera. Mu 1922, ulendo wopita ku chipululu cha Gobie udapeza zisa za Protoceratops, mazira oyamba a dinosaur apezeka.

Mazira pafupifupi makumi atatu anapezeka pachisa chimodzi, zomwe zimatipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti chisa ichi chinagawidwa ndi akazi angapo omwe amayenera kuteteza kwa adani. Zisakasa zingapo zidapezekanso pafupi, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuti nyama izi zimakhala m'magulu amtundu umodzi kapena mwina m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mazirawo ataswa, anapiye sayenera kutalika kuposa masentimita 30 kutalika. Zazikazi zachikulire zimabweretsa chakudya ndikuteteza ana mpaka atakwanitsa kudzisamalira okha. Meya wa Adrienne, wolemba mbiri ya anthu, adadabwa ngati kupezeka kwa zigaza izi m'mbuyomu sikukadapangitsa kuti pakhale "ma griffins", zolengedwa zongopeka.

Kuwonekera ndi Mphamvu ya Protoceratops

Protoceratops analibe nyanga yopangidwa bwino, koma a fupa laling'ono pa mphuno. Sanali dinosaur wamkulu monga anali nawo pafupi 2 mita kutalika, koma anali wolemera pafupifupi mapaundi 150.

6. Meya wa Patagotitan

Patagotitan Mayorum ndi mtundu wa clade sauropod womwe udapezeka ku Argentina mu 2014, ndipo idali dinosaur wamkulu kwambiri wovulaza:

Etymology ya Patagotitan Mayorum

Patagotitan anali posachedwapa anapeza ndipo ndi imodzi mwama dinosaurs osadziwika kwambiri. Dzina lanu lonse ndi Patagotian Mayorum, koma izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Patagotian zimachokera ku "paw"(kutchula Patagonia, dera lomwe zakale zake zidapezeka) ndi ochokera ku "Titan"(kuchokera ku nthano zachi Greek). Kumbali inayi, Mayorum amapereka ulemu kwa banja la Mayo, eni famu ya La Flecha ndi madera omwe apezedwa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, Meya wa Patagotitan adakhala zaka pakati pa 95 ndi 100 miliyoni zaka yomwe nthawi imeneyo inali dera lamapiri.

Makhalidwe a Patagotitan Mayorum

Zakale zakufa zokha za Patagotitan Mayorum zapezeka, manambala omwe ali pamenepo ndi kuwerengera chabe. Komabe, akatswiri amati akanatha kuyeza pafupifupi 37 mita kutalika ndipo cholemera pafupifupi Matani 69. Dzina lake ngati titan silinaperekedwe pachabe, a Patagotitan Mayorum sangakhale china chachikulu kwambiri komanso chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chidapondapo padziko lapansi.

Tikudziwa kuti anali dinosaur wosadya nyama, koma pakadali pano Meya wa Patagotitan sanawulule zinsinsi zake zonse. Paleontology ndi sayansi yopangidwa motsimikizika motsimikizika chifukwa chosatsimikizika komanso umboni watsopano ukuyembekezera kufukulidwa m'makona a thanthwe kapena m'mbali mwa phiri lomwe lidzafukulidwe nthawi ina mtsogolo.

Makhalidwe a Herbivorous Dinosaurs

Tidzakhala ndi zinthu zina zodabwitsa zomwe zinagawidwa ndi ma dinosaurs odyetsa omwe mwakumana nawo pamndandanda wathu:

Kudyetsa ma dinosaurs odyetsa

Zakudya za ma dinosaurs zimadalira makamaka masamba ofewa, makungwa ndi nthambi, monga nthawi ya Mesozoic kunalibe zipatso, maluwa kapena udzu. Nthawi imeneyo, nyama wamba inali ferns, ma conifers ndi ma cycads, ambiri aiwo anali akuluakulu, okhala ndi masentimita opitilira 30 kutalika.

Mano a dinosaurs odyetsa

Chodziwika bwino cha ma dinosaurs odyetserako ziweto ndi mano awo, omwe, mosiyana ndi nyama zodya nyama, ndi ofanana kwambiri. Anali ndi mano akutsogolo kapena milomo yakudula masamba, ndi mano akuthwa kumbuyo kuwawononga, monga anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amawatafuna, monga momwe zilili ndi zotchera zamakono. Amakayikiranso kuti mano awo anali ndi mibadwo ingapo (mosiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mano awiri okha, mano a ana ndi mano okhazikika).

Ma dinosaurs odyetserako ziweto anali ndi "miyala" m'mimba mwawo

Akukayikira kuti ma sauropods akulu anali ndi "miyala" m'mimba mwawo yotchedwa ma gastrothrocyte, omwe amathandizira kuphwanya zakudya zolimba kupukusa panthawi yopukusa. Izi zimawoneka pakadali pano mu mbalame zina.