Mitundu ya njoka: gulu ndi zithunzi

Zamkati

• Makhalidwe A Njoka
• kumene kumakhala njoka
• njoka yapoizoni
• Mitundu ya njoka zoopsa
• njoka yopanda ululu
• Njoka yamadzi
• njoka yam'madzi
• njoka zamchenga

Pali za Mitundu 3,400 ya njoka, ndipo zosakwana 10 peresenti ya iwo ali ndi poizoni. Ngakhale izi, njoka ndi chizindikiro cha mantha kwa anthu, nthawi zambiri chimachita zoyipa.

Njoka, kapena njoka, ndi zake Dongosolo la Squamata (wodziwika kuti scaly) limodzi ndi chameleons ndi iguana. Nyama izi zimadziwika kuti nsagwada zakumtunda zimasakanikirana kwathunthu ndi chigaza, komanso nsagwada zoyenda kwambiri, kuphatikiza pakuchepetsa miyendo, kapena kulibe, pakakhala njoka. Munkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tiyeni tidziwe mitundu ya njoka zomwe zilipo, mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo.

Makhalidwe A Njoka

Njoka, monga zokwawa zonse, ili ndi thupi lokulirapo. Masikelo a epidermal amakonzedwa moyandikana, otukuka, ndi zina zambiri. Pakati pawo pali malo m'manja otchedwa hinge, amene amalola kuchita kayendedwe. Njoka, mosiyana ndi abuluzi, zili ndi mamba owopsa ndipo zilibe ma osteoderm kapena masikelo amfupa pansi pake. Minofu ya squamous epidermal imasintha nthawi zonse nyama ikakula. Zimasintha ngati chidutswa chimodzi, chomwe chimatchedwa exuvia.

Ali ectothermic nyama, ndiye kuti, sangathe kutentha kutentha kwa thupi paokha, choncho amadalira chilengedwe. Kuti achite izi, amasintha ndikusintha machitidwe awo kuti azitentha kwambiri.

Popeza zili zokwawa, njira yoyendetsera njoka amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi mtima wogawika zipinda zitatu, pokhala atria awiri ndi ventricle imodzi yokha. Chiwalo ichi chimalandira magazi kuchokera mthupi ndi m'mapapu, ndikumatulutsa kuthupi lonse. Mavavu ang'onoang'ono ndi magawano omwe amapezeka mu ventricle amapangitsa kuti zizigwira ntchito ngati zidagawika pakati.

O njoka dongosolo kupuma imakhala ndi kabowo kakang'ono kumapeto kwa kamwa, kotchedwa glottis. Glottis ili ndi nembanemba yomwe imalola mpweya kulowa mumsana nyama ikafuna kupuma. Pambuyo pa trachea, pali mapapo oyenera ogwira ntchito ndi bronchus yomwe imadutsamo, yotchedwa aliraza. Mapapu akumanzere a njoka ndi ochepa kwambiri, kapena kulibiretu m'mitundu yambiri. Kupuma kumachitika chifukwa cha minofu yapakatikati.

njoka zili ndi makina osinthika kwambiri. Impso ndi zamtundu wa metanephric, monga mbalame ndi nyama. Amasefa magazi, kutulutsa zonyansa. Amapezeka kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa thupi. Pa njoka zilibe chikhodzodzo, koma mathero a chubu omwe amadutsamo amakhala otakata, omwe amalola kusungidwa.

Manyowa a nyama izi nthawi zonse amakhala mkati. Njoka zambiri ndizinyama zotumphukira, kuikira mazira. Ngakhale, nthawi zina, amatha kukhala ovoviviparous, kukulitsa mwana mkati mwa mayi. Mazira ochuluka aakazi amakhala otambasuka ndipo amayandama mkati mwa thupi. Mwa amuna, ma duin seminiferous amakhala ngati ma testes. Palinso dongosolo lotchedwa hemipenis, zomwe sizoposa kulowetsedwa kwa cloaca ndipo zimaperekedwa kuti zilowetsedwe mu cloaca yachikazi.

THE chovala ndipangidwe pomwe machubu osatulutsa, matumbo matumbo ndi ziwalo zoberekera zimasinthira.

Ziwalo zina za njoka zimapangidwa bwino, monga kununkhiza ndi kulawa. Njoka zili ndi chiwalo cha Jacobson kapena vomeronasal limba, kudzera momwe amadziwira ma pheromones. Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera m'mate, amatha kuzindikira kukoma ndi kununkhiza.

Pamaso, amapita maenje olowera yomwe imatenga kusiyana kochepa kwa kutentha, mpaka 0.03 ºC. Amagwiritsa ntchito kusaka. Chiwerengero cha maenje omwe ali nawo chimasiyana pakati pa 1 mpaka 13 awiriawiri mbali iliyonse ya nkhope. Kudzera pamunda wamafuta wodziwikiratu, pali chipinda chophatikizika ndi nembanemba. Pakakhala nyama yamagazi pafupi, mpweya mchipinda choyamba umakulanso, ndikusunthira nembanemba yotulutsa yomwe imalimbikitsa kutha kwa mitsempha.

Pomaliza, alipo njoka zaululu kwambiri. Vuto limapangidwa ndimatenda amatevu omwe mawonekedwe ake amasinthidwa. Kupatula apo, malovu, pali kugaya chakudya zomwe zimathandiza kugaya nyama. Chifukwa chake, ngati njoka ikuluma, ngakhale itakhala kuti si ya poizoni, malovu omwewo amatha kuyambitsa mavuto ndikupangitsa zilonda zopweteka kwambiri.

kumene kumakhala njoka

Njoka, chifukwa cha mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana, yolamulidwa pafupifupi malo onse okhala padziko lapansi, kupatulapo mitengoyo. Njoka zina zimakhala m'malo nkhalango, pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo ngati njira yosamukira. njoka zina zimakhala msipu ndi malo otseguka kwambiri. Amathanso kukhala m'malo athanthwe kwambiri kapena osowa madzi monga zipululu. Pali njoka zomwe zimathanso kunyanja. Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe m'madzi itha kukhalanso malo abwino kwa mitundu ina ya njoka.

njoka yapoizoni

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njoka imakhala nayo mano osiyanasiyana:

1. mano aglyph, yomwe ilibe mpata woti utsiwo ukhoza kutenthedwa ndi kulowa m'kamwa mwake.
2. mano opistoglyph, yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa kamwa, ndi njira yomwe imayikirapo poizoni.
3. Mano otetezera, ali kutsogolo ndipo ali ndi njira.
4. Mano a Solenoglyph, khalani ndi ngalande yamkati. Mano otemera omwe amatha kusunthira chammbuyo, amapezeka munjoka zapoizoni kwambiri.

Sikuti njoka zonse zili ndi chiopsezo chofanana. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimasinthika kuti zigwire nyama inayake ndipo, pakati pawo, munthu kulibe. Chifukwa chake, njoka zambiri, ngakhale zitakhala zowopsa, siziyenera kukhala zowopsa kwenikweni.

Mitundu ya njoka zoopsa

Ngakhale zili choncho, pali njoka zowopsa kwambiri. Pakati pa njoka zaululu kwambiri padziko lapansi tapeza:

• Taipan-do-mkati (Oxyuranus microlepidotus);
• Black MambaDendroaspis Polylepis);
• Njoka Yam'madzi ya Blecher (Hydrophis Belcheri);
• Njoka yachifumu (Hannah Ophiophagus);
• Jararca Yachifumu (Onse awiri Asper);
• Western Diamond Rattlesnake (Crotalus Atrox).

Dziwani, ku PeritoAnimal, omwe ndi njoka zowopsa kwambiri ku Brazil.

njoka yopanda ululu

Ponena za mitundu ya njoka, pafupifupi 90% ya njoka zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi alibe poizoni, komabe zimawopseza. Mimbulu si njoka zaululu, koma zimatha kugwiritsira ntchito matupi awo kuphwanya ndikutsamwa nyama zazikulu mumasekondi ochepa. Ena mitundu ya njoka za python ndi:

• Chiphalaphala (Zambiri za Morelia);
• Chinsalu cha Burma (Python bivitatus);
• Nsato yachifumu (Python regius);
• Nsomba yaethethste (amethystine simalia);
• Nsato zaku Africa (Python sebae).

Njoka zina zimawerengedwa mitundu ya njoka zapanyumba, koma kulibe njoka yomwe imakhala chiweto, chifukwa sinadutsepo nyengo yayitali yoweta ziweto. Zomwe zimachitika ndikuti njoka zimakhazikika nthawi zambiri ndipo zimakonda kuukira pokhapokha zikawopsezedwa. Izi, zowonjezera pamakhalidwe osakhala poyizoni, zimapangitsa anthu ambiri kusankha kukhala nazo monga ziweto. Ena Njoka zopanda poizoni ndi izi:

• Boa wokhazikika (wabwino constrictor);
• Njoka Ya King yaku California (Lampropeltis getulus californiae);
• Ma coral abodza (Lampropeltis triangulum); ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya njoka zochokera ku Mexico.
• Chinsalu chobiriwira chotchedwa Arboreal (Morelia viridis).

Njoka yamadzi

Pa njoka zamadzi amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja ndi mayiwe. Njoka izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu ndipo, ngakhale zimapuma mpweya, nthawi zambiri zimamira m'madzi, komwe zimapeza chakudya chomwe amafunikira, monga amphibiya ndi nsomba.

• Njoka Yamadzi Yoyala (natrix dzina);
• Njoka Yamadzi ya Viperine (Natrix Maura);
• Njoka ya Njovu (Njovu)Acrochordus javanicus);
• Anaconda wobiriwira (Akalulu a Murinus).

njoka yam'madzi

Njoka zam'nyanja zimapanga banja laling'ono mkati mwa gulu la njoka, banja laling'ono la Hydrophiinae. Njoka izi zimakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi amchere ndipo, nthawi zambiri, sizimatha kuyenda pamtunda wolimba ngati padziko lapansi. Mitundu ina ya njoka zam'madzi ndi izi:

• Njoka yam'nyanjaColubrine Laticauda);
• Njoka Yanyanja Yakuda (Hydrophis melanocephalus);
• Njoka Yam'madzi ya Pelagic (Mankhwala otchedwa Hydrophis platurus).

njoka zamchenga

Njoka zamchenga ndizo njoka zomwe zimakhala m'zipululu. Pakati pawo, tikupezapo ena mitundu ya njoka zamtunduwu.

• Njoka yamphongo (Njoka Zam'madzi);
• Alireza Talischi (Crotalus scutulatus);
• Njoka Yamchere ya Arizona (Euryxanthus microroids);
• Chowopsa cha njoka (chete Arizona);
• Njoka yowala (ma elegans aku Arizona).

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Mitundu ya njoka: gulu ndi zithunzi, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.