Mitundu ya mbalame: mawonekedwe, mayina ndi zitsanzo

Zamkati

• Makhalidwe a mbalame
• mitundu ya mbalame
• Zitsanzo za mbalame za Paleognathae
• Zitsanzo za mbalame za Neognathae

Mbalame zimakhala ndi magazi ofunda ndipo zimapezeka mgulu la tetrapod. Mungapezeke mu mitundu yonse ya malo okhala komanso kumayiko onse, ngakhale m'malo ozizira ngati Antarctica. Chikhalidwe chake chachikulu ndi kupezeka kwa nthenga komanso kutha kuwuluka, ngakhale sizinthu zonse zomwe zingatero, chifukwa pali mitundu ina yomwe yataya kuthekera kumeneku. Mdziko lapansi la mbalame, pali mitundu yayikulu yokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wamakhalidwe (mawonekedwe amthupi), mitundu ndi kukula kwa nthenga, mawonekedwe a milomo ndi njira zodyetsera.

mukudziwa zosiyana mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zilipo komanso mawonekedwe ake? Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za gulu labwino kwambiri lazinyama, pitilizani kuwerenga nkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, pomwe tikambirana za mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zimapezeka mmbali iliyonse ya dziko lapansi komanso zomwe zimafatsa chidwi kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a mbalame

Mbalame ndi mbadwa zoyandikira kwambiri za ma dinosaurs, omwe amakhala padziko lapansi zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo, mu Jurassic. Monga tanenera, iwo ali nyama zowopsa (ofunda-magazi) omwe ali ndi nthenga zomwe zimaphimba thupi lawo lonse, mlomo wofiira (wokhala ndi maselo a keratin) ndipo alibe mano. Mbali zake zam'mbali zimasinthidwa kuti zizitha kuthawa ndipo, ngati kuli mitundu ya mbalame zomwe sizimauluka monga nthiwatiwa, ma kiwis kapena ma penguin, miyendo yake yakumbuyo imasinthidwa kuti izitha kuthamanga, kuyenda kapena kusambira. Matupi awo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo, okhudzana kwambiri ndi kuthawa komanso njira zawo zina zamoyo. Ali ndi izi:

• mafupa owala: mafupa okhala ndi mafupa owala kwambiri komanso opanda zibowo omwe amawapatsa mphamvu pouluka.
• Masomphenya adakula: Amakhalanso ndi ma orbital akulu kwambiri (malo omwe maso amakhala), kotero masomphenya awo amakula bwino.
• Mlomo wakuda: mbalame zimakhala ndi milomo yothamanga mosiyanasiyana, kutengera mitundu ndi momwe amadyera.
• schitsulo: Alinso ndi syrinx, yomwe ndi gawo lazida zawo pakamwa ndipo kudzera mwa iwo amatha kutulutsa mawu ndi kuyimba.
• Macheza ndi gizzard: Ali ndi mbewu (kutsekula kwa kholingo) yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusunga chakudya chisagayike ndipo, mbali ina, ndi mphutsi, yomwe ndi gawo la m'mimba ndipo imayambitsa kuphwanya chakudyacho, nthawi zambiri mothandizidwa ndi miyala yaying'ono yomwe mbalame imameza chifukwa chaichi.
• osakodza: alibe chikhodzodzo cha mkodzo, chifukwa chake, uric acid (zotsalira za impso za mbalame) zimatulutsidwa ndi zotsalira zonse ngati ndowe zolimba.
• mafupa osakanikirana: Vertebrae fusion, hip fusion fusion, ndi sternum ndi nthiti zosiyana kuti zigwirizane ndi minyewa yowuluka.
• zala zinayi: zikhomo zili ndi zala 4 m'mitundu yambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kutengera momwe zimakhalira.
• Biringanya kapena matumba: Mitundu yambiri imapanga egagropyle kapena pellets, zotumphukira zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi zotsalira zazinyama zosadyedwa.
• kuikira mazira: monga tanena kale, mawonekedwe awo oberekera ndi ubwamuna wamkati ndipo amaikira mazira owuma omwe amakhala m'misasa yawo, ndipo mitundu yambiri imataya nthenga zawo za m'mawere nthawi yolumikizira kuti dzira lizitentha.
• Atha kubadwa ndi nthenga kapena opanda: anapiye atsopano (akamaswa) atha kukhala otumphuka, ndiye kuti, alibe nthenga zachitetezo chawo ndipo ayenera kukhala nthawi yayitali pachisa posamalidwa ndi makolo awo. Kumbali inayi, amatha kukhala obadwira, pomwe amabadwa ndi pansi omwe amateteza thupi lawo, chifukwa chake, amakhala nthawi yayitali pachisa.
• Mofulumira chimbudzi ndi kagayidwe kake: kukhala ndi kagayidwe kake kakang'ono komanso kofulumira komanso chimbudzi ndizofanananso ndi kuthawa.
• mpweya wapadera: Makina opumira kwambiri, chifukwa ali ndi mapapo okhala ndi matumba amlengalenga omwe amawalola kuti aziyenda nthawi zonse.
• anayamba mantha dongosolo: Khalani ndi dongosolo lamanjenje lotukuka kwambiri, makamaka ubongo, lomwe limakhudzana ndi ntchito zandege.
• Chakudya chosakaniza: zokhudzana ndi zakudya zawo, pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kutengera mitundu, yomwe imatha kudya mbewu, zipatso ndi maluwa, masamba, tizilombo, nyama zakufa ndi timadzi tokoma, zomwe zidzakhudzana mwachindunji ndi njira zawo zamoyo.
• kusamuka kwakutali: Mitundu yambiri yam'madzi, monga mdima wakuda (alirezaamatha kusintha maulendo ataliatali ngati owoneka bwino, opitilira 900 km patsiku. Pezani pano kuti mbalame zosamuka ndi ziti.

mitundu ya mbalame

padziko lonse lapansi alipo mitundu yoposa 10,000, ndipo ambiri aiwo adasiyanasiyana munthawi ya Cretaceous, pafupifupi zaka 145 miliyoni zapitazo. Pakadali pano, agawika m'mizere ikuluikulu iwiri:

• Paleognathae: ndi mitundu pafupifupi 50 yomwe imagawidwa makamaka kumwera kwa dziko lapansi,
• Neognathae: wopangidwa ndi mitundu yonse yotsala yomwe ili m'makontinenti onse.

Pansipa, tili ndi chithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsa mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zimapezeka momveka bwino.

Zitsanzo za mbalame za Paleognathae

Mwa mitundu ya mbalame Palaeognathae ndi:

• nthiwatiwa (Ngamila ya Struthio): ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yomwe titha kupeza lero komanso othamanga kwambiri. Ikupezeka kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa.
• ziphuphu: monga Rhea waku America, ofanana ndi nthiwatiwa, ngakhale ndizochepa. Anataya mwayi wouluka komanso ndiothamanga kwambiri ndipo amapezeka ku South America.
• inhambu-açu: monga tinamus wamkulu amapezekanso ku Central ndi South America, ali mbalame zomwe zimayendayenda ndipo amayenda maulendo ataliatali akafuna kuwopsezedwa.
• cassowaries: monga cassowary cassowary, akupezeka ku Australia ndi New Guinea, ndi emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, alipo ku Oceania. Onse awiri atayikiranso mwayi wouluka ndipo amayenda kapena othamanga.
• a kiwis: komwe kuli (kumangopezeka pamalo amodzi) ku New Zealand, monga Apteryx owenii. Ndi mbalame zazing'ono komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimakhala ndi zizolowezi zapadziko lapansi.

Zitsanzo za mbalame za Neognathae

Pa Neognathae Amakhala ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana komanso zochuluka kwambiri masiku ano, motero tidzatchula oimira odziwika bwino kwambiri. Apa titha kupeza:

• nkhuku: monga ndulu gallus, likupezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
• Abakha: monga Anas sivilatrix, alipo ku South America.
• njiwa wamba: monga Columba livia, yomwe imagawidwanso kwambiri, monga ilili m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi.
• nkhaka: monga nkhaka wamba Cuculus canorus. Apa mupezanso wopita panjira Geococcyx californianus, chidwi chokhudza miyambo yawo kudera.
• Kireni: ndi zitsanzo monga Grus Grus ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso kutha kusamuka maulendo ataliatali.
• nyanja: Mwachitsanzo larus occidentalis, mbalame zam'nyanja zapakatikati zokhala ndi imodzi mwamapiko akuluakulu (kutalika kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto kwa mapiko).
• Mbalame zodya nyama: monga chiwombankhanga chachifumu, Akula chrysaetos, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri komanso yowuluka bwino, ndi akadzidzi ndi akadzidzi, monga chiwombankhanga chagolide Akula chrysaetos, yomwe ili ndi nthenga zake zoyera kwambiri.
• anyani: Ndi oimira omwe amatha kutalika kwa 1.20 m, ngati emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri).
• zitsamba zam'madzi: monga Ardea alba, ofalitsidwa kwambiri padziko lonse ndipo ndi amodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu a gulu lake.
• mbalame zam'madzi: ndi ma reps ang'onoang'ono ngati Mellisuga helenae, amene amati ndi mbalame yaing’ono kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
• mbalambanda: monga Alcedo atthis, yochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha mitundu yake yowala komanso luso lake labwino kwambiri kusodza.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Mitundu ya mbalame: mawonekedwe, mayina ndi zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.