Makhalidwe a mbalame

Zamkati

• Nthenga, chinthu chapadera kwambiri cha mbalame
• Makhalidwe ambiri a mbalame
• kuwuluka kwa mbalame
• Kusamuka kwa mbalame
• mafupa a mbalame
• Mitundu ina ya mbalame

Mbalame zimakhala ndi magazi ofunda a tetrapod vertebrates (ie, endotherms) omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi nyama zina zonse. Makolo anu anali gulu la madontho a dinosaurs omwe amakhala padziko lapansi nthawi ya Jurassic, pakati pa 150 ndi 200 miliyoni zaka zapitazo. Ndiwo omwe ali ndi mafupa amtundu wosiyanasiyana, okhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 10,000 masiku ano. Amakhala m'malo onse padziko lapansi, amapezeka m'malo ozizira amitengo, m'zipululu komanso m'madzi. Pali mitundu yaying'ono ngati mbalame zina za hummingbird, ngakhale mitundu yayikulu monga nthiwatiwa.

Popeza pali mbalame zosiyanasiyana, m'nkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal, tikuwonetsani zomwe nyama izi zimagwirizana, ndiye kuti zonse makhalidwe mbalame ndi mfundo zake zodabwitsa kwambiri.

Nthenga, chinthu chapadera kwambiri cha mbalame

Ngakhale kuti si mitundu yonse ya mbalame yomwe imatha kuuluka, ambiri amatero chifukwa cha matupi awo ndi mapiko awo. Kutha kumeneku kudawalola kuti azikongoletsa malo amtundu uliwonse omwe nyama zina sizingafikire. Nthenga za mbalame zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, ndipo zidasinthika kuyambira pachiyambi chawo mu ma dinosaurs omwe adalipo kale kupita ku mawonekedwe amakono pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Chifukwa chake lero titha kupeza kusiyana kwakukulu m'mitundu 10,000 zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi.

Mtundu uliwonse wa nthenga umasiyanasiyana kutengera dera lomwe thupi limapezeka komanso malingana ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndipo izi zimasiyananso ndi mtundu uliwonse, chifukwa nthenga sizimagwira ntchito zouluka zokha, komanso izi:

• Kusankha bwenzi.
• Pa nthawi ya kukaikira mazira.
• Kuzindikira kwa Cospecific (mwachitsanzo, anthu amtundu womwewo).
• Kutentha kwa thupi, chifukwa, pankhani ya mbalame zam'madzi, nthenga zimatseka ming'oma yomwe imalepheretsa mbalameyo kunyowa ikamamira.
• Kubisa.

Makhalidwe ambiri a mbalame

Zina mwazomwe mbalamezi zimachita, izi ndi izi:

kuwuluka kwa mbalame

Chifukwa cha mapiko awo, mbalame zimatha kuyenda kuchokera kumtunda wowoneka bwino mpaka paulendo wautali kwambiri, ngati mbalame zosamuka. Mapikowo adakula mosiyanasiyana pagulu lililonse la mbalame, mwachitsanzo:

• mbalame zopanda nthenga: pankhani ya anyani, alibe nthenga ndipo mapiko awo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, chifukwa amatha kusambira.
• Mbalame zokhala ndi nthenga zochepetsedwa: nthawi zina, nthenga zimachepa, monga nthiwatiwa, nkhuku ndi mapesi.
• mbalame zokhala ndi nthenga zachikale: mwa mitundu ina, monga kiwi, mapikowo ndi achikale ndipo nthenga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ubweya.

Kumbali inayi, m'mitundu youluka mapiko amakula kwambiri ndipo, kutengera momwe amakhalira, amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana:

• Lonse ndi anamaliza: mwa mitundu yomwe imakhala m'malo otsekedwa.
• Wopapatiza ndi kuloza: mu mbalame zothamanga kwambiri monga mateze.
• yopapatiza komanso yotakata: amapezeka mu mbalame monga seagulls, zomwe zimauluka pamwamba pamadzi.
• Nthenga zotsanzira zala: komanso m'zinthu monga ziwombankhanga, nthenga zimawonedwa ngati zala kumapeto kwa mapiko, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti aziyenda pamwamba kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito mphepo yam'mlengalenga m'mapiri, mwachitsanzo.

Komabe, palinso mbalame zosawuluka, monga tikukufotokozerani munkhani ina yokhudza mbalame zomwe sizimauluka - Mawonekedwe ndi zitsanzo za 10.

Kusamuka kwa mbalame

Mbalame zimatha kupanga maulendo ataliatali posamuka, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse komanso zimalumikizidwa, ndipo zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo momwe mbalame zimasunthira kuchokera kumadera ozizira kumwera kupita kumadera otentha kumpoto, mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna chakudya chochuluka kuti athe kudyetsa ana awo m'nyengo yoswana.

Munthawi ino, kusamukaku kumawathandizanso kuti apeze madera abwinoko kuti apange chisa ndi kulera ana agalu anu. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi imawathandiza kukhalabe ndi homeostasis (kulimbitsa thupi mkati), chifukwa kusunthaku kumawalola kupewa nyengo. Komabe, mbalame zomwe sizimasuntha zimatchedwa okhalamo ndipo zimakhala ndi zosintha zina kuti zithetse nthawi zovuta.

Pali njira zingapo momwe mbalame zimakhalira nthawi yakusamuka, ndipo kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito dzuwa kuti apeze njira. Kuyenda kumaphatikizaponso kuzindikira maginito, kugwiritsa ntchito kununkhiza, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikilo zowoneka.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri pamutuwu, musaphonye nkhani iyi ya PeritoAnimalinso yokhudza mbalame zosamuka.

mafupa a mbalame

Mbalame zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera m'mafupa awo, ndipo ndi kupezeka kwa mabowo (m'mitundu youluka) yodzaza ndi mpweya, koma ndikulimbana kwakukulu komwe kumawapangitsa kukhala opepuka. Mbali inayi, mafupawa amakhala ndi maphatidwe osiyana siyana mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi, monga mafupa a chigaza, omwe alibe suture. Msanawo umakhalanso ndi kusiyanasiyana, wokhala ndi mitsempha yambiri m'khosi, yomwe imapangitsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu. Ma vertebrae omaliza omaliza amaphatikizidwanso ndi mafupa a chiuno ndikupanga synsacrum. Kumbali inayi, mbalame zimakhala ndi nthiti zathyathyathya ndi sternum woboola pakati, zomwe zimathandizira kulumikiza minofu yowuluka. Ali ndi miyendo yazala zinayi yomwe, malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo, ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana:

• kutchfunchi: Zofala kwambiri pakati pa mbalame, zala zitatu zitayang'ana kutsogolo ndi chala chimodzi kumbuyo.
• syndactyl: zala zachitatu ndi zachinayi zinasakanikirana, monga chonchi.
• Zygodactyls: mbalame zam'mlengalenga, monga nkhalango kapena ma toucans, zala ziwiri zoyang'ana kutsogolo (zala 2 ndi 3) ndi zala ziwiri zoyang'ana kumbuyo (zala 1 ndi 4).
• Pamprodactyls: makonzedwe omwe zala zinayi zimaloza kutsogolo. Khalidwe la ma swifts (Apodidae), omwe amagwiritsa ntchito msomali wa chala choyamba kupachika, chifukwa mbalamezi sizingatere kapena kuyenda.
• machimotoyama: ndi chimodzimodzi ndi zygodactyly, kupatula apa zala 3 ndi 4 kuloza kutsogolo, ndi zala 1 ndi 2 zikubwerera chammbuyo. Zimakhala ngati ma trogoniforms monga quetzals.

Mitundu ina ya mbalame

Makhalidwe ena a mbalame ndi awa:

• Kulingalira bwino kwambiri: Mbalame zimazungulira kwambiri (pomwe maso amaso amakhala) ndi maso akulu, ndipo izi zimakhudzana ndi kuwuluka. Kukongola kwake, makamaka m'mitundu ina monga ziwombankhanga, kumakhala bwino kuposa katatu nyama zina, kuphatikiza anthu.
• mphamvu ya kununkhizaosauka: ngakhale m'mitundu yambiri, monga mbalame zowola, ma kiwi, ma albatross ndi ma petrel, mphamvu ya kununkhira imapangidwa bwino ndipo imawalola kuti apeze nyama yawo.
• Khutubwino: zomwe zimalola mitundu ina kuti iziyendetse mumdima chifukwa amasinthidwa kukhala echolocation.
• Milomo Yanyanga: ndiye kuti, ali ndi mawonekedwe a keratin, ndipo mawonekedwe ake azikhala ofanana ndi mtundu wa zakudya zomwe mbalameyo ili nayo. Kumbali imodzi, kuli milomo yosinthidwa kuyamwa timadzi tokoma kuchokera kumaluwa, kapena yayikulu komanso yolimba kutsegulira mbewu ndi mbewu. Kumbali inayi, kuli mipweya yazosefera yomwe imakulolani kudyetsa m'matope kapena m'malo amadzi osefukira, komanso ngati mkondo kuti muzitha kuwedza. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi milomo yolimba, yosongoka kudula mitengo, ndipo ina ili ndi mbedza yomwe imawalola kusaka nyama.
• Syrinx: ndi chiwalo cholankhulira mbalame ndipo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mawu aanthu, zimawalola kutulutsa mawu ndi nyimbo zosangalatsa mumitundu ina kuti azitha kulumikizana.
• kubereka: Kuchulukana kwa mbalame kumachitika kudzera mkati mwa umuna, ndipo amaikira mazira omwe amakhala ndi chivundikiro cholimba.
• Chibwenzi: Atha kukhala ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kutanthauza kuti, kukhala ndi bwenzi limodzi nthawi yonse yobereka (kapena kupitilira apo, kapena zaka zotsatizana), kapena kukhala ndi mitala komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo.
• Kukaikira mazira: amaikira mazira awo muzisa zomangidwa chifukwa chaichi, ndipo izi zitha kuchitidwa ndi makolo onse kapena m'modzi yekha. Ana agalu amatha kukhala amitundumitundu, ndiye kuti, amabadwa opanda nthenga, ndipo pakadali pano makolo amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri powadyetsa ndi kuwasamalira; kapenanso akhoza kukhala obadwa mwauchidakwa, chifukwa chake amachoka pachisa posakhalitsa ndipo chisamaliro cha makolo chimakhala chakanthawi.