Makhalidwe ambiri a nsomba

Zamkati

• Makhalidwe apamwamba a nsomba
• Nsomba zina
• Kodi nsomba zimasambira bwanji?
• Kodi nsomba zimayandama bwanji?
• Kodi nsomba zimapuma bwanji?
• Osmosis mu nsomba
• Khalidwe la nsomba
• Kubalana ndi kukula kwa nsomba
• Makhalidwe a nsomba malinga ndi gulu lawo
• nsomba zamanjenje
• nsomba za gnathotomized

Nthawi zambiri, zamoyo zonse zam'madzi zam'madzi zimatchedwa nsomba, ngakhale kuti mtunduwu ndi wolakwika chifukwa zina zam'madzi zam'madzi, monga anamgumi, ndizinyama. Koma chodabwitsa ndichakuti nsomba zam'madzi ndi zam'mlengalenga zimagawana kholo limodzimodzi. Nsomba ndi gulu lomwe, ngakhale linali lotukuka kwambiri, lidachita bwino kwambiri pakusintha, popeza chilengedwe cham'madzi chidawalola kupulumuka malo ambiri. Kusintha kwawo kudawapatsa kuthekera kolowera kumadera amchere amchere kupita kumadera amadzi am'mitsinje ndi nyanja, kudzera m'mitundu yomwe imatha kukhala m'malo onsewo ndikuthana ndi mitsinje (monga nsomba, mwachitsanzo).

Ngati mukufuna kupitiliza kuphunzira za makhalidwe ambiri a nsomba, gulu losiyana kwambiri lomwe limakhala m'madzi apadziko lapansi, pitirizani kuwerenga nkhaniyi ndi PeritoAnimal ndipo tikuwuzani zonse za iwo.

Makhalidwe apamwamba a nsomba

Ngakhale kukhala gulu lokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, titha kutanthauzira nsomba ndi izi:

• zinyama zam'madzi: malinga ndi ma taxon amitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri pakadali pano. Kusinthasintha kwawo kumoyo wam'madzi kunawalola kuti azikongoletsa mitundu yonse yam'madzi. Chiyambi chake chidachokera ku malemu Silurian, zaka zopitilira 400 miliyoni zapitazo.
• mafupa a mafupa: Ali ndi mafupa a mafupa okhala ndi malo ochepa kwambiri a cartilaginous, uku ndiko kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu ndi nsomba za chondric.
• Zipangizo: ndiye kuti, amadalira kutentha kozungulira kuti azitha kutentha thupi lawo, mosiyana ndi ma endothermics.
• kupuma kwa gill: ali ndi njira yopumira momwe ziwalo zazikulu zopumira ndizimitsempha ndipo zimaphimbidwa ndi kapangidwe kotchedwa operculum, kamene kamathandiziranso kuchepetsa mutu ndi thupi lonse. Mitundu ina imapuma kudzera m'mapapu omwe amachokera pachikhodzodzo, chomwe chimayandama.
• pakamwa osachiritsika: Ali ndi pakamwa osachiritsika (osati chotumphukira, monga momwe zilili ndi ma cartilaginous) ndipo chigaza chawo chimapangidwa ndi mafupa angapo am'mimbamo. Mafupawa, nawonso, amathandiza mano. zomwe sizilowa m'malo mwawo zikaswa kapena kugwa.
• Zipsepse zam'mimba ndi m'chiuno: Mukhale ndi zipsepse zakunja kwam'mimba ndi zipsepse zazing'ono zam'mbuyo zam'mbuyo, onse awiri. Amakhalanso ndi zipsepse zam'modzi kapena ziwiri zam'mbali.
• Kusamvetseka kwachilendo caudal fin: kuti lobes wapamwamba ndi wotsika ndi ofanana. Mitundu ina imakhalanso ndi mchira waukulu kwambiri, wogawika ma lobes atatu, omwe amapezeka mu coelacanths (sarcopterygeal fish) komanso m'mapapu am'mapapo, momwe mafupa a vertebra amafikira kumapeto kwa mchira. Amapanga chiwalo chachikulu chothandizira kuti mitundu yambiri ya nsomba isunthike.
• Masikelo achikopa: Ali ndi khungu lomwe nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi masikelo am'mimbamo, kukhalapo kwa dentin, enamel ndi mafupa, omwe amasiyanasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe awo ndipo akhoza kukhala cosmoid, ganoid ndi elasmoid masikelo, omwe nawonso amagawika ma cycloids ndi ctenoids, omwe amagawidwa ndi mbali zawo zosalala kapena osongoka ngati zisa, motsatana.

Nsomba zina

Mwa mawonekedwe a nsomba, ndiyeneranso kutchula izi:

Kodi nsomba zimasambira bwanji?

Nsomba zimatha kuyenda mozungulira kwambiri ngati madzi. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha wanu mawonekedwe a hydrodynamic, yomwe pamodzi ndi minofu yake yamphamvu mu thunthu ndi mchira, imayendetsa thupi lake ndi kuyenda kotsatira, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zake ngati chiwongolero chokwanira.

Kodi nsomba zimayandama bwanji?

Nsomba zimakumana ndi zovuta kuti zisayandikire chifukwa matupi awo ndi owopsa kuposa madzi. Nsomba zina, monga nsombazi (zomwe ndi nsomba za chondricte, ndiye kuti ndi nsomba zam'mimba) zilibe chikhodzodzo, kotero zimafunikira makina kuti azitalika kutalika pamadzi, monga kupitiriza kuyenda mosalekeza.

Komabe, nsomba zina zimakhala ndi chiwalo chopangidwira, bu chikhodzodzokusambira, momwe amakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira woyandama. Nsomba zina zimakhala mozama mofananamo pamoyo wawo wonse, pomwe zina zimatha kudzaza ndikuthira chikhodzodzo chawo kuti chizitha kuzama.

Kodi nsomba zimapuma bwanji?

Mwachikhalidwe, timanena kuti nsomba zonse pumani kudzera m'mitsempha, Kakhungu kamene kamalola mpweya wodutsa kuchokera m'madzi kupita kumwazi.Komabe, izi sizimangowonjezera, chifukwa pali gulu la nsomba zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinyama zakutchire, ndipo ndi choncho ndi nsomba zam'mapapu kapena Dipnoos, zomwe zimatha kupuma bwino.

Kuti mumve zambiri, mutha kutchulanso nkhani ina yonena za momwe nsomba zimapumira?

Osmosis mu nsomba

Nsomba zamadzi amchere zimakhala m'malo opanda mchere wambiri, pomwe m'magazi awo kuchuluka kwa izi kumakhala kwakukulu, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha ndondomeko yotchedwa osmosis, kulowa kwa madzi m'thupi lanu komanso kutuluka kwa mchere kunja.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake amafunikira zosintha zingapo kuti athe kuwongolera njirayi, kuti tengani mchere m'mitsempha mwanu (omwe amalumikizana molunjika ndi madzi, mosiyana ndi khungu lawo lodzikongoletsera, lokutidwa pang'ono) kapena kutulutsa mkodzo wosefedwa kwambiri komanso wosungunuka.

Pakadali pano, nsomba zamadzi amchere zimayang'anizana ndi vuto lina, amakhala amatanthauza mchere kwambiri, choncho ali pachiopsezo chotaya madzi m'thupi. Kuti achotse mchere wochulukirapo, amatha kuwamasula kudzera mumitsempha kapena kudzera mumkodzo wambiri, pafupifupi wosasefera.

Khalidwe la nsomba

Zakudya za nsomba ndizosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pazakudya zotengera zotsalira za nyama pansi, zamasamba, mpaka nsomba zina kapena molluscs ena. Mbali yomalizayi idawalola kuti asinthe luso lawo lakuwona, mphamvu ndi kulimba kuti apeze chakudya.
Kusamuka

Pali zitsanzo za nsomba zomwe zimasamuka kuchokera kumadzi abwino kupita kumadzi amchere, kapena mosinthanitsa. Mlandu wodziwika kwambiri ndi wa Salmonids, chitsanzo cha nsomba zowopsa zomwe zimakhala moyo wawo wachikulire munyanja, koma bwerera kumadzi abwino kubala (mwachitsanzo, kuyikira mazira), kutha kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zazachilengedwe kuti mupeze mtsinje womwe adabadwiramo ndikuikira mazira awo pamenepo. Pomwe mitundu ina, monga ma eel, amakhala ndi mphalapala, chifukwa amakhala m'madzi abwino, koma amasamukira m'madzi amchere kuti aberekane.

Kubalana ndi kukula kwa nsomba

Nsomba zambiri zimakhala za dioecious (amuna ndi akazi) komanso oviparous (ndi umuna wakunja ndi chitukuko chakunja), kutha kutulutsa mazira awo m'chilengedwe, kuwaika m'manda, kapena ngakhale kuwanyamula pakamwa, nthawi zina amaperekanso chidwi ku mazira. Komabe, pali zitsanzo zina za nsomba zotentha za ovoviviparous (mazirawo amasungidwa mchiberekero mpaka ataswa). Kumbali ina, nsombazi zimakhala ndi placenta yomwe ana amadyetsedwa, pokhala ndi pakati.

Kukula kwamtsogolo kwa nsomba nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi zachilengedwe, makamaka kutentha, ndi nsomba zochokera kumadera otentha omwe amakula msanga. Mosiyana ndi magulu ena azinyama, nsomba zimakulabe mpaka kukula kwawo popanda malire, mpaka kukula kwakukulu nthawi zina.

Kuti mumve zambiri, werenganinso nkhani ina yokhudza Kodi nsomba zimaswana motani?

Makhalidwe a nsomba malinga ndi gulu lawo

Sitingathe kuiwala makhalidwe nsomba malinga ndi gulu lanu:

nsomba zamanjenje

Ndi nsomba zopanda nsagwada, ndi gulu lakale kwambiri ndipo imaphatikizapo minnows ndi nyali. Ngakhale alibe ma vertebrae, amawerengedwa kuti ndi amphongo, chifukwa chamakhalidwe omwe amawona mu chigaza kapena kukula kwa mluza. Ali ndi izi:

• Thupi la angiliform.
• Nthawi zambiri amakhala akudya kapena tiziromboti, amakhala pafupi ndi nsomba zina.
• Alibe ma vertebrae.
• Samasunthika mkati.
• Ili ndi khungu lopanda kanthu, popeza ilibe mamba.
• Wopanda zipsepse.

nsomba za gnathotomized

Gulu ili likuphatikiza nsomba zonse zotsala. Ambiri mwazinyama zamasiku ano zimaphatikizidwanso pano, monga nsomba zonse, amphibiya, zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama. Amatchedwanso nsomba ndi nsagwada ndipo ali ndi izi:

• Ali ndi nsagwada.
• Ngakhale zipsepse zosamvetseka (pectoral, dorsal, anal, ventral kapena pelvic and caudal).

Pakati pa gululi mulinso:

• Ma Chondrites: nsomba zamatenda monga sharki, kunyezimira ndi chimera. Mafupa anu ali ndi khungu.
• Osteite: ie nsomba zamathambo. Izi zikuphatikiza nsomba zonse zomwe titha kuzipeza lero (zogawika nsomba zokhala ndi zipsepse zotuluka ndi nsomba zokhala ndi zipsepse zololedwa, kapena ma actinopterygeans ndi sarcopterygeans, motsatana).

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Makhalidwe ambiri a nsomba, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.