Kubereketsa nyama: mitundu ndi zitsanzo

Zamkati

• Kodi kubereka nyama ndi chiyani?
• Magawo oberekera nyama
• Mitundu yobereketsa nyama
• Zitsanzo zakubereka mwanyama
• Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kubereka ndi kubereka

Nyama, monga zamoyo, zimawonekera ndikusowa, koma mitundu yomwe ali nayo ikupitilizabe. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kubereka, imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zamoyo. Mkati mwa nyama, titha kupeza njira ziwiri zoberekera, kuberekana komanso kubereka, zomwe zimakonda kwambiri nyama.

THE kubereka Ndi njira yoberekera ya ziweto, ngakhale zina zimatha kubereka mwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoberekera. Chifukwa chake, m'nkhani iyi ya PeritoAnimalongosola, tidzafotokozera komwe ndiko kubereka kwanyama.

Kodi kubereka nyama ndi chiyani?

Kubereka ndi njira yoberekera kuti nyama ndi zomera zambiri zimayambitsa kubereka anthu atsopano ndikupititsa patsogolo mitunduyo.

Makhalidwe omwe amafotokozera mtundu wobereketsa uwu ndi angapo. Choyamba, pakubereka anthu awiri akukhudzidwa, wamwamuna mmodzi ndi wamkazi mmodzi, mosiyana ndi kuberekana kwa atsikana, komwe kuli imodzi yokha. Onsewa ali ndi ziwalo zotchedwa gonads, Zomwe zimapanga ma gametes. Masewerawa ndi maselo ogonana, mazira omwe amapangidwa ndi thumba losunga mazira mwa akazi komanso umuna wopangidwa ndi ma testes mwa amuna.

Dzira ndi umuna zikalumikizana pamodzi, zimapanga zygote. Mgwirizanowu umatchedwa umuna. Feteleza amatha kuchitika mkati kapena kunja kwa nyama, kutengera mtundu wake. Ndiye pali umuna wakunja, momwe akazi ndi amuna amatulutsa ma gameti awo kumalo am'madzi kuti akakhale ndi umuna, ndipo palinso umuna wamkati, momwe umuna umakumana ndi dzira mkati mwa mkazi.

Pambuyo pa umuna, zygote yopangidwa idzakhala ndi 50% ya amayi a amayi ndi 50% ya DNA ya abambo, ndiye kuti, ana omwe amabadwa ndi kubereka zakuthupi kuchokera kwa makolo onse.

Magawo oberekera nyama

Kuberekana munyama kumakhala ndi magawo angapo, kuyambira ndi kutchfuneralhome. Chodabwitsa ichi chimapangidwa ndikupanga ndikukula kwa magemu achikazi ndi achimuna mu ma gonads achikazi ndi amuna, motsatana.

Kuchokera majeremusi komanso kudzera mu mtundu wamagawo omwe amadziwika kuti kuchiritsa, akazi ndi abambo amapanga masewera awo. Kukula kwa chilengedwe ndi kusasitsa kwa ma gamet kumadalira pazinthu zingapo, koma makamaka pamitundu ndi kugonana kwa munthuyo.

Pambuyo pa gametogenesis, makina omwe umuna umachitika ndi kukwerana. Pogwiritsa ntchito mahomoni, anthu azaka zoberekera amafunafuna amuna kapena akazi anzawo kuti atakwatirane ndipo, atakhala pachibwenzi, ziweto zimachitika m'zinyama zomwe zimakhala ndi umuna wamkati. Mwa mitundu yokhala ndi umuna wakunja, ma gametes amatumizidwa kumalo kuti adzipangidwe ndi umuna.

Pambuyo pa umuna, gawo lomaliza la kubereka limachitika, umuna, yomwe imakhala ndi kusintha kwamitundu yambiri komwe kumalola kuphatikizika kwa gawo la dzira ndi gawo la umuna.

Mitundu yobereketsa nyama

Mitundu yoberekera yomwe ilipo mwa nyama ndi yofanana ndi kukula kwa ma gamet omwe amalumikizana nthawi ya umuna. Mwanjira iyi, tili ndi isogamy, anisogamy ndi oogamy.

• Pa wachinyamata ndizotheka kusiyanitsa kuti ndi ndani yemwe ndi wamwamuna kapena wamkazi. Zonsezi zimatha kuyenda kapena kusayenda. Ndiwo mtundu woyamba woberekera womwe umapezeka m'mbiri ya chisinthiko, ndipo ndimomwe clamydomonas (single-cell algae) ndi monocystis, mtundu wa protist. Sizimapezeka m'zinyama.
• THE kusowa Ndikusakanikirana kwa ma gametes amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pali kusiyana pakati pa magemu achimuna ndi achikazi ndipo onse atha kuyenda kapena osayenda. Mtundu uwu udawonekera pakusintha pambuyo pa isogamy. Zimapezeka mu bowa, nyama zoumbika kwambiri zopanda mafupa komanso nyama zina.
• THE oogamy Ndikusakanikirana kwa gamete yayikulu kwambiri komanso yosasunthika yachikazi yokhala ndi ma gameti ang'onoang'ono amphongo. Unali mtundu womaliza kubereka kuonekera m'mbiri ya chisinthiko. Zimakhala ndimtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, ma fern, ma gymnosperms ndi nyama zapamwamba monga zinyama.

Zitsanzo zakubereka mwanyama

Pali zitsanzo zambiri zoberekera monga zilili nyama.

• Inu zinyama, ngati agalu, chimpanzi, anamgumi ndi anthu, ali ndi chiwerewere ndi umuna wamkati ndi oogamy. Ndiwo, kuphatikiza apo, nyama zokhala ndi moyo, ndichifukwa chake kukula kwawo pamimba kumachitika mkati mwa chiberekero cha amayi.
• Pa mbalame, ngakhale atayikira mazira chifukwa ndi nyama za oviparous, amatsatiranso njira yoberekera ndi oogamy.
• Inu zokwawa, amphibiya ndi nsomba Amaberekanso, ngakhale kuti mitundu ina imatsata njira zakugonana nthawi zina m'miyoyo yawo. Ena ndi oviparous pomwe ena amakhala ovoviviparous, ambiri aiwo amakhala ndi umuna wakunja ndipo angapo ali ndi umuna wamkati.
• Inu nyamakazi ndi gulu lanyama komanso losiyanasiyana, motero m'gululi mutha kupeza umuna wamkati ndi wakunja komanso milandu ya oogamy ndi anisogamy. Ena amatha kuberekanso asexually.

Musaiwale kuti palinso nyama zina zotchedwa hermaphrodite, zokhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera zazimuna ndi zachimuna, koma zomwe zimangokhala ngati zazimuna kapena zazimuna panthawi yokwatirana. Pachifukwa ichi, kudzipangira umuna sikuchitika.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kubereka ndi kubereka

Tsopano popeza mukudziwa zomwe machitidwe oberekera ali, ndikofunikira kudziwa zomwe Kusiyana pakati pa kubereka ndi kubereka. Kubereka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yoberekera yomwe ndiyosiyana ndi kubereka nthawi zingapo. Yoyamba ndi nthawi, pakuberekana kwakanthawi kochepa nthawiyo ndiyofupikitsa kuposa kubereka.

Mfundo yachiwiri yosiyanitsa, komanso yofunika kwambiri, ndiyakuti zotsatira zakuberekana kwa asexual ndi anthu ofanana ndi kholo ie popanda kusintha kwa DNA, miyala. Mwachidule, pakubereka pali anthu awiri, ndiye kuti, mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya majini. Zonsezi zimabweretsa munthu wachitatu wokhala ndi 50% ya chibadwa cha munthu aliyense. Kumbali inayi, pakuberekana kwa atsikana palibe kupanga ma gametes ndipo zotsatira zake ndizofanana, popanda kusintha kwa majini ndipo ana amakhala ofooka.

Onani zitsanzo za 15 za nyama zopangidwa ndi hermaphrodite ndi momwe zimaberekera m'nkhaniyi ya PeritoAnimal.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Kubereketsa nyama: mitundu ndi zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.