Mitundu ya Amphibian - Makhalidwe, Mayina ndi Zitsanzo

Mlembi: Peter Berry
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 15 Kulayi 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 14 Novembala 2024
Anonim
Mitundu ya Amphibian - Makhalidwe, Mayina ndi Zitsanzo - Ziweto
Mitundu ya Amphibian - Makhalidwe, Mayina ndi Zitsanzo - Ziweto

Zamkati

Dzina la amphibiya (amphi-zotsutsana) amachokera ku Chi Greek ndipo amatanthauza "miyoyo yonse". Ndi chifukwa chakuti moyo wake umatha pakati pa madzi ndi nthaka. Zolengedwa zachilendozi zimasintha moyo wawo komanso mawonekedwe awo pakukula kwawo. Ambiri amakhala usiku komanso amapha. Ena amasonkhana kuti ayimbe usiku wamvula. Mosakayikira, ndi amodzi mwa nyama zosangalatsa kwambiri zamtunduwu.

Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 7,000 ya amphibian idafotokozedwa, imagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha njira yawo yachilendo, amakhala ochuluka kwambiri kumadera otentha. Kodi mukufuna kudziwa bwino nyamazi? Chifukwa chake musaphonye nkhani iyi ya PeritoAnimal onena za zosiyana mitundu ya amphibians, mawonekedwe awo, mayina ndi zitsanzo chidwi.


Kodi amphibian ndi chiyani?

Amphibia amakono (class Amphibia) ndi nyama osakhala amniote tetrapod vertebrates. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi mafupa a mafupa, amakhala ndi miyendo inayi (motero mawu oti tetrapod) ndipo amaikira mazira opanda zoteteza. Chifukwa cha izi, mazira awo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuuma, ndipo amayenera kuikidwa m'madzi. Kuchokera m'mazira awa, mphutsi zam'madzi zimatulukira zomwe pambuyo pake zimasintha zinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti kusintha. Umu ndi momwe amphibiya amakhala achikulire apadziko lapansi. Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu cha izi ndi mayendedwe amoyo achule.

Ngakhale kuti akuoneka ngati osalimba, amphibiya alamulira madera ambiri padziko lapansi ndikusinthasintha zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana ndi malo okhala. Pachifukwa ichi, pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchulukitsa kwakukulu komwe sikukugwirizana ndi tanthauzo lomwe tafotokoza pamwambapa.


Makhalidwe a Amphibian

Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwawo, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwonetsa amitundu osiyanasiyana omwe amafanana. Komabe, tapeza zofunikira zake, kuwonetsa kuti ndi ziti zomwe ndizapadera. Awa ndiwo mikhalidwe yayikulu ya amphibians:

  • mayendedwe: Kupatula Cecilias, amphibiya ali ndi miyendo iwiri yomwe imathera m'miyendo. Paws nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawebusayiti ndi zala zinayi, ngakhale pali zosiyana zambiri.
  • KWAamamvetsetsa: Ali ndi khungu lowonda kwambiri, lopanda masikelo komanso louma bwino, ndichifukwa chake liyenera kukhalabe lonyowa komanso lotentha pang'ono.
  • poizoni: Amphibians ali ndi tiziwalo pakhungu lawo lomwe limatulutsa zinthu zoteteza. Pachifukwa ichi, khungu lanu limakhala ndi poizoni mukamamwa kapena likakumana ndi maso anu. Komabe, mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo siopseza anthu.
  • kupuma khungu: Amphibiya ambiri amapuma kudzera pakhungu lawo motero nthawi zonse amasunga chinyezi. Ambiri amphibiya amathandizira kupuma kwamtunduwu ndikumakhala ndi mapapo, ndipo ena amakhala ndi mitsempha m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Mutha kudziwa zambiri za nkhaniyi m'nkhani yokhudza komwe ndi momwe amphibians amapumira.
  • Magetsi: kutentha kwa thupi kumadalira malo omwe amphibiya amapezeka. Pachifukwa ichi, ndizofala kuwawona akuwothera dzuwa.
  • kubereka: amphibians amagonana osiyana, ndiye kuti pali amuna ndi akazi. Amuna ndi akazi amakwatirana kuti ubwamuna ubwere, womwe ungakhale mkati kapena kunja kwa mkazi.
  • oviparous: Akazi amaikira mazira am'madzi okhala ndi zokutira zoonda kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, amphibiya amadalira kupezeka kwa madzi kapena chinyezi kuti aberekane. Ndi ma amphibiya ochepa omwe adazolowera kukhala malo ouma chifukwa chakuwongolera kwa viviparity, ndipo awa samaikira mazira.
  • chitukuko chosadziwika: kuchokera kumazira amaswa mphutsi zam'madzi zomwe zimapuma kudzera m'mitsempha. Pakukula kwawo, amakumana ndi kusintha kwa zinthu komwe kumatha kukhala kocheperako, pomwe amakhala ndi machitidwe a akulu. Ena amphibians amasonyeza chitukuko mwachindunji ndipo musati kukumana metamorphosis.
  • nthawi yausiku: Ambiri mwa amphibiya amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri usiku, akasaka ndikuswana. Komabe, mitundu yambiri imakhala yosintha nthawi zina.
  • Zodyera: amphibians amadya nyama atakula ndipo amadya makamaka nyama zopanda mafupa. Ngakhale izi, mphutsi zawo ndizodyera ndipo zimadya ndere, kupatula zochepa.

Monga tafotokozera kale, china mwazofunikira za amphibian ndikuti amasintha njira yotchedwa metamorphosis. Pansipa, tikuwonetsa chithunzi choyimira cha amphibian metamorphosis.


Mitundu ya amphibians ndi mayina awo

Pali mitundu itatu ya amphibians:

  • Cecilias kapena apodas (oda Gymnophiona).
  • Salamanders ndi newts (oda Urodela).
  • Achule ndi achule (ikani Anura).

Cecilia kapena Apoda (Gymnophiona)

Cecilias kapena Apoda ndi mitundu pafupifupi 200 yomwe imagawidwa m'nkhalango za ku South America, Africa ndi Southeast Asia. Ndi ma vermiform amphibians, ndiye kuti kutalika ndi cylindrical mawonekedwe. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya amphibiya, Cecilias alibe miyendo ndipo ena ali ndi sikelo pakhungu lawo.

nyama zachilendozi zimakhala oikidwa m'munda wonyowachoncho ambiri akhungu. Mosiyana ndi ma anuran, amuna amakhala ndi chiwalo chokopera, kotero umuna umachitika mkati mwa mkazi. Njira zotsalira zoberekera zimasiyana kwambiri pabanja lililonse komanso mumtundu uliwonse.

Salamanders ndi Newts (Urodela)

Dongosolo la Urodelos limaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi 650. Nyama izi zimadziwika ndikukhala ndi mchira m'miyoyo yawo yonse, ndiye kuti, mphutsi sizitaya mchira wawo pa kusintha kwa thupi. Komanso, miyendo yake inayi ndiyofanana kwambiri m'litali; chifukwa chake, amayenda poyenda kapena kukwera. Monga ma caecilians, kutulutsa mazira kumachitika mkati mwa mkazi kudzera mukutengera.

Kugawanika kwachikhalidwe pakati pa salamanders ndi ma newts kulibe phindu lililonse. Komabe, mitundu yomwe imakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa salamanders. Nthawi zambiri amakhala dothi lonyowa ndipo amangosamukira kumadzi kuti aberekane. Pakadali pano, ma newt amathera nthawi yochuluka m'madzi.

Achule ndi Toads (Anura)

Dzinalo "a-nuro" limatanthauza "wopanda mchira". Izi ndichifukwa choti mphutsi za amphibiyazi, omwe amadziwika kuti tadpoles, amataya chiwalochi panthawi yamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, achule achikulire ndi achule alibe mchira. Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndichakuti miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, ndipo zimayenda molumpha. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya amphibiya, umuna umathira kunja kwa akazi.

Monga ma urodelos, kusiyana pakati pa tozi ndi chule sikudalira ma genetics ndi taxonomy, koma malingaliro amunthu. Achule olimba kwambiri amadziwika ngati achule, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizolowezi zochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa khungu lawo kuwuma komanso makwinya. Achule, kumbali inayo, ndi nyama zowoneka zokongola, aluso olumpha ndipo nthawi zina amakwera. Njira yawo yamoyo nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndimalo okhala m'madzi.

Zitsanzo za amphibiya

M'chigawo chino, tikukuwonetsani zitsanzo za amphibiya. Makamaka, tinasankha mitundu ina yochititsa chidwi. Mwanjira imeneyi, mudzatha kumvetsetsa bwino mawonekedwe osinthika omwe amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amphibians.

  • Mexico Cecilia kapena tkondweretsani (Dermophis mexicanus): ma caecilians awa ndi amisili. Mazira awo amakula mkati mwa mayi kwa miyezi ingapo. Kumeneko, amadyetsa zinsinsi zamkati zomwe mayi adapanga.
  • Kayumbade-Koh-Tao (MalangizoIchthyophis kohtaoensis): ndi cecilia waku Thailand yemwe amayikira mazira ake pansi. Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri za m'madzi, amayi amasamalira mazirawo mpaka ataswa.
  • anphiumas (Amphiumaspp.): izi ndi mitundu itatu ya amphibiya zazitali kwambiri zam'madzi. A. tridactylum ali ndi zala zitatu, A. zikutanthauza ali ndi ziwiri ndi A. wopinimbira kukhala ndi imodzi yokha. Ngakhale amawoneka, si a caecilians koma urodelos.
  • Mapulogalamu (Proteus anguinus): urodelo uyu amasinthidwa kuti azikhala mumdima wamapanga ena aku Europe. Pachifukwa ichi, achikulire alibe maso, ndi oyera kapena pinki - ndipo amakhala m'madzi moyo wawo wonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizotalikirana, zamutu wopingasa, ndikupuma kudzera m'mitsempha.
  • Kutulutsa Nthiti Salamander (pleurodeles walt): ndi urodelo waku Europe yemwe amatha kutalika masentimita 30. Kumbali ya thupi lake, kuli mzere wa mawanga a lalanje omwe amagwirizana ndi m'mbali mwa nthiti zake. Akaona kuti awopsezedwa, amawonekera, ndikuwopseza omwe angawalande.
  • Frog Wotentha (Trichobatrachus robustus): Ngakhale amawoneka, achule aubweya alibe tsitsi, koma amatambasula khungu lamitsempha. Amathandizira kukulitsa malo osinthira mpweya kuti mpweya wambiri uzitha kulowa.
  • Chombo cha Surinan (kayiti): Chule uyu wa kuAmazon amadziwika kuti amakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya kwambiri. Zazimayi zimakhala ndi ukonde kumbuyo kwawo, momwe zimamira ndikutchera mazira nthawi yophatikizana. Kuchokera m'mazira amenewa sikutuluka mphutsi koma achule aang'ono.
  • Mphalapala wa Nimba (Mankhwala opatsiranazamatsenga): ndi chule wamoyo waku Africa. Akazi amabala ana omwe amafanana mofanana ndi wamkulu. Kukula kwachindunji ndi njira yoberekera yomwe imawalola kuti akhale odziyimira pawokha ndi matupi amadzi.

Zokopa za Amphibian

Tsopano popeza tikudziwa mitundu yonse ya zamoyo zam'madzi, tiyeni tiwone zina mwazinthu zosangalatsa zomwe zimapezeka m'mitundu ina.

kusakhulupirika kwa nyama

Ambiri amphibiya ali nawo mitundu yowala kwambiri. Amathandizira kudziwitsa omwe angakhale odyetsa zautumbo wawo. Zilombozi zimazindikiritsa mtundu wamphamvu wa amphibiya ngati chowopsa, motero musawadye. Chifukwa chake, onse amapewa zovuta.

Chitsanzo chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi zitsamba zamoto (Bombinatoridae). Ma amphibiya aku Eurasia amadziwika kuti amakhala ndi ana opangidwa ndi mtima komanso mimba zofiira, za lalanje kapena zachikasu. Akasokonezedwa, amatembenuza kapena kuwonetsa mtundu wakumaso kwa mapazi awo, ndikukhazikika komwe kumatchedwa "unkenreflex". Mwanjira imeneyi, nyama zolusa zimayang'ana mitundu ndikuyiyika pachiwopsezo.

Odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi achule a arrowhead (Dendrobatidae), achule owopsa kwambiri komanso owala omwe amakhala mdera la neotropical. Mutha kudziwa zambiri zamitundu yosavomerezeka m'nkhaniyi yokhudza kusakondera nyama, kuphatikiza mitundu ina ya amphibians.

paedomorphosis

Ma urodel ena ali ndi paedomorphosis, ndiye kuti, sungani zikhalidwe zawo zaunyamata monga akulu. Izi zimachitika pakukula kwa thupi kumachepa, kotero kuti kukula kwakugonana kumawonekera nyama ikadali ndi mawonekedwe akutuluka. Izi zimadziwika kuti neoteny ndipo ndizomwe zimachitika ku Mexico axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) ndi mu Proteus (Proteus anguinus).

Pedamorphosis amathanso kuchitika chifukwa cha mathamangitsidwe a kukhwima. Mwanjira imeneyi, nyama imapeza mwayi woberekana ikadali ndi mawonekedwe a mphutsi. Imeneyi ndi njira yotchedwa progenesis ndipo imapezeka m'mitundu yamtundu wa Necturus, yomwe imapezeka ku North America. Monga axolotl, ma urodel awa amasunga mitsempha yawo ndikukhala kosatha m'madzi.

Zowopsa za amphibians

Mitundu pafupifupi 3,200 ya amphibian ili pachiwopsezo chotha, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi theka. Kuphatikiza apo, akukhulupirira kuti mitundu yoposa 1,000 ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupezeka isanapezeke chifukwa chakusowa kwawo. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza amphibiya ndi bowa la chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), yomwe yazimitsa kale mitundu yambirimbiri.

Kukula mwachangu kwa bowa kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, monga kudalirana kwa mayiko, kugulitsa nyama komanso kumasula ziweto mosasamala. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala zonyamula matenda, ma amphibiya achilendo amasanduka mitundu yowononga. Nthawi zambiri amakhala owopsa kuposa mitundu yachilengedwe, ndikuwathamangitsa kutali ndi malo awo okhala. Umu ndi momwe muliri chule wam'madzi waku Africa (Xenopus laevis) ndi American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus).

Choipitsanso zinthu ndi, kusowa kwa malo awo okhala, monga matupi amadzi am'madzi ndi nkhalango zamvula, zikuchititsa kuti anthu amphibiya achepe. Izi ndichifukwa chakusintha kwanyengo, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikuwononga mwachindunji malo okhala m'madzi.

Ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zina zambiri zofanana ndi Mitundu ya Amphibian - Makhalidwe, Mayina ndi Zitsanzo, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mulowe mu gawo lathu la Curiosities la nyama.